Evaluation of pine oil for protecting white spruce from spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attack

The effectiveness of two formulations of pine oil (Norpine 65 and BBR-2) in protecting white spruce from attacks by spruce beetles was tested in south-central Alaska. Fifty percent of the pheromone-baited trees were protected by Norpine 65 for | year after treatment whereas only 33% were protected by BBR-2. Baited trees sprayed with Norpine 65 and BBR-2 were attacked less frequently than were baited check trees and sustained a lower attack density per tree. The percentage of trees protected by Norpine 65 was 13% greater than those protected by BBR-2. Although 85% of the trees treated with Norpine 65 were attacked, the attack density was approximately half that of trees treated with BBR-2

Evaluation of pine oil for protecting white spruce from spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attack

The effectiveness of two formulations of pine oil (Norpine 65 and BBR-2) in protecting white spruce from attacks by spruce beetles was tested in south-central Alaska. Fifty percent of the pheromone-baited trees were protected by Norpine 65 for | year after treatment whereas only 33% were protected by BBR-2. Baited trees sprayed with Norpine 65 and BBR-2 were attacked less frequently than were baited check trees and sustained a lower attack density per tree. The percentage of trees protected by Norpine 65 was 13% greater than those protected by BBR-2. Although 85% of the trees treated with Norpine 65 were attacked, the attack density was approximately half that of trees treated with BBR-2

Adolescents’ beverage choice at school and the impact on sugar intake

Background/Objectives: To examine students’ beverage choice in school, with reference to its contribution to students’ intake of non-milk extrinsic (NME) sugars. Subjects/Methods: Beverage and food selection data for students aged 11–18 years (n=2461) were collected from two large secondary schools in England, for a continuous period of 145 (school A) and 125 (school B) school days. Descriptive analysis followed by cluster analysis of the beverage data were performed separately for each school. Results: More than a third of all items selected by students were beverages, and juice-based beverages were students’ most popular choice (school A, 38.6%; school B, 35.2%). Mean NME sugars derived from beverages alone was high (school A, 16.7 g/student-day; school B, 12.9 g/student-day). Based on beverage purchases, six clusters of students were identified at each school (school A: ‘juice-based’, ‘assorted’, ‘water’, ‘cartoned flavoured milk’, ‘bottled flavoured milk’, ‘high volume juice-based’; school B: ‘assorted’, ‘water with juice-based’, ‘sparkling juice/juice-based’, ‘water’, ‘high volume water’, ‘high volume juice-based’). Both schools included ‘high volume juice-based’ clusters with the highest NME sugar means from beverages (school A, 28.6 g/student-day; school B, 24.4 g/student-day), and ‘water’ clusters with the lowest. A hierarchy in NME sugars was found according to cluster; students in the ‘high volume juice-based’ cluster returned significantly higher levels of NME sugars than students in other clusters. Conclusions: This study reveals the contribution that school beverages combined with students’ beverage choice behaviour is making to students’ NME sugar intake. These findings inform school food initiatives, and more generally public health policy around adolescents’ dietary intake

An Overview of the Ethics of Eating and Drinking

Eating and drinking are ethical acts. When we make decisions about what to eat and what not to, we are making decisions that impact our own health, the well-being of those who work in the food system, animal welfare, and the environment. Food ethics is the interdisciplinary study of how what we eat – including the way it is produced, distributed, marketed, prepared, and ultimately consumed – impacts human, animal, and planetary health and well-being. Food ethics also analyses the justice or fairness of these impacts. Food ethics raises many difficult questions that do not always have clear or easy answers, such as how do we produce enough food to feed everyone well and equitably; how do we ensure that everyone has access to high-quality, nutritious food that is culturally appropriate; how do we do this in a way that treats workers fairly and respectfully, is considerate of animal welfare, and is environmentally sustainable; and how do we shift power across the food system in favor of the public good over multinational food companies. This chapter will explore these questions and more, hopefully encouraging thoughtful discussions and potential solutions for the future