The Carta Económica Municipal: An Exceptional Financing Mechanism for Canarian Municipalities, 1953-1972

Desde los años cuarenta del siglo xx, las haciendas municipales canarias vieron mermados sus ingresos por los efectos negativos de la Guerra Civil y la posterior política autárquica. La Carta Económica Municipal, que se aprobó en casi todas las islas Canarias, constituyó un ingreso que derivaban los cabildos insulares a los municipios de sus respectivas islas. Procedía del arbitrio ad valorem sobre la importación y exportación de mercancías y pretendía ayudar a los municipios a aliviar su situación económica y contribuir a la mejora del bienestar social. En el presente trabajo, analizaremos el impacto de este recurso en los distintos municipios de Tenerife, que fue clave para el proceso de urbanización de la isla. Asimismo, estudiaremos la implantación del régimen de Carta Económica en las otras islas para evaluar las diferencias existentes con el de Tenerife.From the forties of the twentieth century, the incomes of the Canarian municipal treasuries diminished due to the negative effects of the Civil War and the subsequent autarchic policy. The Carta Económica Municipal, which was approved in almost all the Canary Islands, constituted an income that the cabildos insulares derived to the municipalities of their respective island. It proceeded from the ad valorem tax on the import and export of merchandise and intended to help the municipalities to alleviate their economic situation and contribute to the improvement of social welfare. In the present work, we will analyze the impact of this resource in the different municipalities of Tenerife, which was the key to the process of urbanization of the island. Also, we will study the implementation of the Carta Económica Municipal regime in the other islands to evaluate the existing differences with Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1936-1972. A study of its municipal treasury during the francoism

Este artículo estudia la hacienda municipal de Santa Cruz de Tenerife en un período crucial de su historia. Tiene como base documental las liquidaciones presupuestarias y se articula en dos apartados. El primero examina los ingresos, en los que desempeña un papel esencial la denominada la Carta Económica Municipal, una fuente de financiación única y singular aportada por el Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. El segundo apartado estudia el gasto, que, al igual que el ingreso, experimentó un fuerte crecimiento durante la década de 1960, coincidiendo con la nueva inserción de la economía isleña en el escenario internacional.This article studies the municipal treasury of Santa Cruz de Tenerife at a crucial period in its history. It has as a base the budgetary settlements and is divided into two sections. The first examines the income, where the so-called Carta Económica Municipal plays an essential role, a unique source of funding provided by the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. The second section studies the budgetary expenditure, which, like income, had a strong growth during the 1960s, coinciding with the new insertion of the island economy in the international scenario

Fabrication of Scaffold-Based 3D Magnetic Nanowires for Domain Wall Applications.

Three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures hold great potential to revolutionize information technologies and to enable the study of novel physical phenomena. In this work, we describe a hybrid nanofabrication process combining bottom-up 3D nano-printing and top-down thin film deposition, which leads to the fabrication of complex magnetic nanostructures suitable for the study of new 3D magnetic effects. First, a non-magnetic 3D scaffold is nano-printed using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition; then a thin film magnetic material is thermally evaporated onto the scaffold, leading to a functional 3D magnetic nanostructure. Scaffold geometries are extended beyond recently developed single-segment geometries by introducing a dual-pitch patterning strategy. Additionally, by tilting the substrate during growth, low-angle segments can be patterned, circumventing a major limitation of this nano-printing process; this is demonstrated by the fabrication of ‘staircase’ nanostructures with segments parallel to the substrate. The suitability of nano-printed scaffolds to support thermally evaporated thin films is discussed, outlining the importance of including supporting pillars to prevent deformation during the evaporation process. Employing this set of methods, a set of nanostructures tailored to precisely match a dark-field magneto-optical magnetometer have been fabricated and characterized. This work demonstrates the versatility of this hybrid technique and the interesting magnetic properties of the nanostructures produced, opening a promising route for the development of new 3D devices for applications and fundamental studies

Distribution of Foxp3+ T cells in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes of goats and sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica

Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are now considered to play a key role in modulation of immune responses during parasitic helminth infections. Immunomodulation is a key factor in Fasciola hepatica infection; however, the distribution and role of Foxp3+ Tregs cells have not been investigated in F. hepatica infected ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Foxp3+ Tregs in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes from experimentally infected sheep and goats during acute and chronic stages of infection. Three groups of goats (n=6) and three groups of sheep (n=6) were used in this study. Goats in groups 1-2 and sheep in groups 4-5 were orally infected with metacercarie of ovine origin. Groups 1 and 4 were killed during the acute stage of the infection, at nine days post infection (dpi); groups 2 and 5 were killed during the chronic stage, at 15 and19 weeks post infection respectively (wpi). Groups 3 (goats) and 6 (sheep) were left as uninfected controls. Fluke burdens and liver damage were assessed and the avidin-biotin-complex method was used for the immunohistochemical study. At nine dpi in acute hepatic lesions, the number of both Foxp3+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes increased significantly in goats and sheep. In the chronic stages of infection (15-19wpi), the number of Foxp3+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes were also significantly increased with respect to control livers, particularly in portal spaces with severely enlarged bile ducts (response to adult flukes) while the increase was lower in granulomas, chronic tracts and smaller portal spaces (response to tissue damage). Foxp3+ Tregs were increased in the cortex of hepatic lymph nodes of sheep (chronic infection) and goats (acute and chronic infection). The estimated proportion of T cells which were Foxp3+ was significantly increased in the large bile ducts and hepatic lymph node cortex of chronically infected goats but not sheep. This first report of the expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs in acute and chronic hepatic lesions in ruminants suggests that these cells may be involved in both parasite survival and modulation of hepatic damage. Future studies should be focused on the investigation of parasite molecules and cytokines involved in this process.This work was supported by EU grants (H2020-635408-PARAGONE) and the Spanish Ministry of Science grant AGL2015-67023-C2-1-R. TM receives funding from the Scottish Government.Accepted manuscriptVeterinari

Los domos sálicos de Tenerife, Islas Canarias

Morphological, petrological and geochemical features of the felsic domes in Tenerife are treated. Two main groups have been established: Old Edifices Domes and Recent Series Domes, subdivided in minor groups according to their volcano-stratigraphic position. There are many morphological types, each group showing different typical characters. Haüyne phonolites are the most common rocks, although nepheline phonolites and trachytes are also present. Chemical analysis indicate major abundance of undersaturated terms and higher differentiation in the Recent Series Domes than in the üld Edifices Domes. Both groups are clearly separated in usual diagrams and specially show different trends in Al, Fe, K, Ti, Nb, Y and Ce elementsSe estudian las características morfológicas, petrológicas y geoquímicas de los domos sálicos de Tenerife, separándolos en dos grupos: domos de los edificios antiguos y domos de las series recientes. A su vez en cada uno de éstos se han distinguido varios subgrupos atendiendo a su localización volcanoestratigráfica. Los tipos morfológicos son variados, cada uno de ellos con características particulares. Las rocas más comunes son fonolitas haüynicas, existiendo menor abundancia de fonolitas nefelínicas y de traquitas. Geoquímicamente se comprueba que los términos más abundantes son también los subsaturados, siendo los domos de las series recientes los más diferenciados. En distintos diagramas se observa que quedan bien separados los dos grandes grupos establecidos, los cuales presentan diferentes pautas de variación para algunos elementos tales como Al, Fe, K, Ti, Nb, Y Y Ce, entre otros

Discharge of repulsive grains from a silo: Experiments and simulations

peer reviewedIn granular matter, sliding friction and collisions among grains are fundamental mechanisms of energy dissipation that determine the particles dynamics. Here we consider an unconventional granular system composed of magnetic repelling grains confined in a two dimensional cell that interact only through their magnetic field. The repulsive interaction prevents contact among grains and therefore produces a different dynamics compared to the dynamics of classical granular systems. In particular, we present experiments and simulations on the discharge of this repulsive granular medium from a silo. The results reveal an inverted density profile and a plug-flow through the aperture that contrast with the dynamics displayed by contacting grains. Moreover, the simulations allow to estimate the friction coefficient generated by the lateral confinement. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017

Discharge of repulsive grains from a silo: experiments and simulations

In granular matter, sliding friction and collisions among grains are fundamental mechanisms of energy dissipation that determine the particles dynamics. Here we consider an unconventional granular system composed of magnetic repelling grains confined in a two dimensional cell that interact only through their magnetic field. The repulsive interaction prevents contact among grains and therefore produces a different dynamics compared to the dynamics of classical granular systems. In particular, we present experiments and simulations on the discharge of this repulsive granular medium from a silo. The results reveal an inverted density profile and a plug-flow through the aperture that contrast with the dynamics displayed by contacting grains. Moreover, the simulations allow to estimate the friction coefficient generated by the lateral confinement

Cost-effectiveness analysis for joint pain treatment in patients with osteoarthritis treated at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS): Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) vs. cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of disability worldwide, especially in persons >55 years of age. Currently, controversy remains about the best therapeutic alternative for this disease when evaluated from a cost-effectiveness viewpoint. For Social Security Institutions in developing countries, it is very important to assess what drugs may decrease the subsequent use of medical care resources, considering their adverse events that are known to have a significant increase in medical care costs of patients with OA. Three treatment alternatives were compared: celecoxib (200 mg twice daily), non-selective NSAIDs (naproxen, 500 mg twice daily; diclofenac, 100 mg twice daily; and piroxicam, 20 mg/day) and acetaminophen, 1000 mg twice daily. The aim of this study was to identify the most cost-effective first-choice pharmacological treatment for the control of joint pain secondary to OA in patients treated at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cost-effectiveness assessment was carried out. A systematic review of the literature was performed to obtain transition probabilities. In order to evaluate analysis robustness, one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. Estimations were done for a 6-month period.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Treatment demonstrating the best cost-effectiveness results [lowest cost-effectiveness ratio $17.5 pesos/patient ($1.75 USD)] was celecoxib. According to the one-way sensitivity analysis, celecoxib would need to markedly decrease its effectiveness in order for it to not be the optimal treatment option. In the probabilistic analysis, both in the construction of the acceptability curves and in the estimation of net economic benefits, the most cost-effective option was celecoxib.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>From a Mexican institutional perspective and probably in other Social Security Institutions in similar developing countries, the most cost-effective option for treatment of knee and/or hip OA would be celecoxib.</p

Fabrication, Detection, and Operation of a Three-Dimensional Nanomagnetic Conduit.

Three-dimensional (3D) nanomagnetic devices are attracting significant interest due to their potential for computing, sensing, and biological applications. However, their implementation faces great challenges regarding fabrication and characterization of 3D nanostructures. Here, we show a 3D nanomagnetic system created by 3D nanoprinting and physical vapor deposition, which acts as a conduit for domain walls. Domains formed at the substrate level are injected into a 3D nanowire, where they are controllably trapped using vectorial magnetic fields. A dark-field magneto-optical method for parallel, independent measurement of different regions in individual 3D nanostructures is also demonstrated. This work will facilitate the advanced study and exploitation of 3D nanomagnetic systems

Comparative dynamics of peritoneal cell immunophenotypes in sheep during the early and late stages of the infection with Fasciola hepatica by flow cytometric analysis

Background: The peritoneal cell populations (PCP) are thought to play a crucial role during the early immune response in Fasciola hepatica infection while newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) are migrating in the peritoneal cavity (PC) towards the liver. In this study, we aimed to determine the immunophenotypes of the PCP and to analyse the dynamics of the recruitment of the PCP during the early and late stage of the infection in sheep infected with F. hepatica. Methods: Thirty-seven sheep were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 10) were challenged with F. hepatica, Group 3 (n = 7) was not infected and remained as uninfected control (UC). After the slaughtering, peritoneal lavages were carried out to isolate peritoneal cell populations at 1, 3, 9 and 18 days post-infection (dpi) for Group 1 and at 14 weeks post-infection (wpi) for Group 2 and 3. Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the dynamics of peritoneal cavity cell populations. Results: TCD4 cells showed a significant decrease at 1 and 18 dpi when compared to UC; no statistical differences were detected for TCD8 and WC1+ γδ during the early stage of the infection with respect to the UC. CD14 cells exhibited a decreasing trend, with a significant decrease at 9 and 18 dpi when compared to the UC. The dynamics of MHCII and CD83 cells showed a similar increasing pattern from 3 to 18 dpi. During the chronic stage, both TCD4 and TCD8 cells showed no significant differences when compared to the UC, although a slight but statistically significant higher level of WC1+ γδ cells was observed. A lower percentage of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was detected with respect to the UC. Conclusions: The recruitment of the lymphocytes subsets did not show a significant increase during the course of the infection and only WC1+ γδ cells displayed a significant increase at the chronic stage. For the CD14, a decreasing trend was observed during the early stage, which was statistically significant at the chronic stage of the infection. Peritoneal CD83 and MHCII cells developed an increasing trend during the early stage of infection, and showed a significant decrease at the late stage of the infection.This study was funded by the European Union Grant H2020-635408- PARAGONE and by National Grant AGL2015-67023-C2-1-R. RPC was supported by an FPU grant of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Funding bodies were neither involved in the design of the study nor in analysis and interpretation of the dataVeterinari