Intelligence, reason of state and the art of governing risk and opportunity in early modern Europe

Drawing upon primary and secondary historical material, this paper explores the role of intelligence in early modern government. It focuses upon developments in seventeenth- and early-eighteenth-century England, a site-specific genealogical moment in the broader history of state power/knowledges. Addressing a tendency in Foucauldian work to neglect pre-eighteenth-century governance, the analysis reveals a set of interrelated processes which gave rise to an innovative technique for anticipating hazard and opportunity for the state. At the intersection of raison d’État, the evolving art of government, widespread routines of secrecy and a post-Westphalia field of European competition and exchange, intelligence was imagined as a fundamental solution to the concurrent problems of ensuring peace and stability while improving state forces. In the administrative offices of the English Secretary of State, an assemblage of complex and interrelated procedures sought to produce and manipulate information in ways which exposed both possible risks to the state and potential opportunities for expansion and gain. As this suggests, the art of intelligence played an important if largely unacknowledged role in the formation and growth of the early modern state. Ensuring strategic advantage over rivals, intelligence also limited the ability of England's neighbours to dominate trade, control the seas and master the colonies, functioning as a constitutive feature of European balance and equilibrium. As the analysis concludes, understanding intelligence as a form of governmental technique – a way of doing something – reveals an entirely novel way of thinking about and investigating its myriad (historical and contemporary) formations

Biological potency evaluation and characterization of rhG-CSF in pharmaceutical products

The identification of rhG-CSF was carried out in pharmaceutical preparations by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting with specific antibodies, showing a single band in the 19 kDa region. The potency was assessed by the neutropenia mouse bioassay giving values between 88.4 and 122.4% of the stated potency. The precision index expressed by weight was between 141 and 432 for the independent assays. Batch-to-batch, the samples met the requirements for the safety test and bacterial endotoxins test. The biological and immunological results showed the quality of the products in clinical use and the specifications established contribute to assuring the safety and efficacy of biological medicines.Realizou-se a identificação do fator estimulador da colônia de granulócitos humanos recombinante em produtos farmacêuticos por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida não redutora e imunodetecção com anticorpos específicos, que apresentaram banda única na região de, aproximadamente, 19 kDa. A avaliação de potência baseada na contagem do número de neutrófilos em camundongos com neutropenia forneceu valores entre 88,4 - 122,4 % em relação à potência declarada. A precisão expressa pela ponderação, calculada nos ensaios independentes, forneceu valores entre 141 e 432. As amostras lote-a-lote cumpriram os requisitos dos testes de toxicidade e endotoxinas bacterianas. Os resultados dos ensaios biológicos e imunológicos demonstram a qualidade dos produtos farmacêuticos em uso clínico, e as especificações sugeridas contribuem para assegurar a inocuidade e eficácia terapêutica dos produtos biológicos

Caracterización fisicoquímica y evaluación biológica de eritropoyetina humana recombinante en productos farmacéuticos

El objetivo de este trabajo es efectuar la identificación de eritropoyetina (EPO) humana recombinante en productos farmacéuticos comerciales por electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida y su detección con anticuerpos específicos, demostrándose típica banda larga con peso molecular entre 30 - 40 kDa. La composición de las isoformas detectadas por isoelectroenfoque (IEF) después de imunodetección y de ligación a las lectinas presentaron heterogeneidad con 5 - 8 isoformas distribuidas en la banda de puncto isoeléctrico (pI) de 4,4 - 5,2 y bandas con proporciones y posiciones significativamente diferentes entre las preparaciones. La actividad biológica fue evaluada por ensayos con ratones normocitémicos. Haciéndose una correlación entre los resultados de los bioensayos con los perfiles de IEF y su ligación a las lectinas, puede observarse que los productos con isoformas ácidas presentan mayor actividad biológica. Se evaluaran los agregados de las preparaciones sin seroalbúmina humana por cromatografía líquida a alta presión obteniendo valores entre 1,4 y 13,6 % del contenido total de EPO.Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) from different manufacturers was analysed by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunodetection with a specific antiEPO antiserum, revealing a single broad diffuse band in the molecular weight range 30 - 40 kDa. The isoform compositions revealed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) after immunoblotting and lectin blotting showed extensive heterogeneity, with 5 - 8 isoforms evident over the isoelectric point (pI) range 4.4 - 5.2 and with the proportions and the position of the bands differing significantly between preparations. The biological activity of the pharmaceutical preparations of rhEPO was assessed by an in vivo bioassay using normocythaemic mice. The IEF and lectin blotting profiles generally correlated with the bioassay results, indicating that the products containing the greater proportion of acidic isoforms had the greater biopotencies. The degree of aggregation of preparations formulated without human serum albumin shown to vary between 1.4 to 13.6% of the total EPO content.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Caracterización fisicoquímica y evaluación biológica de eritropoyetina humana recombinante en productos farmacéuticos

El objetivo de este trabajo es efectuar la identificación de eritropoyetina (EPO) humana recombinante en productos farmacéuticos comerciales por electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida y su detección con anticuerpos específicos, demostrándose típica banda larga con peso molecular entre 30 - 40 kDa. La composición de las isoformas detectadas por isoelectroenfoque (IEF) después de imunodetección y de ligación a las lectinas presentaron heterogeneidad con 5 - 8 isoformas distribuidas en la banda de puncto isoeléctrico (pI) de 4,4 - 5,2 y bandas con proporciones y posiciones significativamente diferentes entre las preparaciones. La actividad biológica fue evaluada por ensayos con ratones normocitémicos. Haciéndose una correlación entre los resultados de los bioensayos con los perfiles de IEF y su ligación a las lectinas, puede observarse que los productos con isoformas ácidas presentan mayor actividad biológica. Se evaluaran los agregados de las preparaciones sin seroalbúmina humana por cromatografía líquida a alta presión obteniendo valores entre 1,4 y 13,6 % del contenido total de EPO.Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) from different manufacturers was analysed by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunodetection with a specific antiEPO antiserum, revealing a single broad diffuse band in the molecular weight range 30 - 40 kDa. The isoform compositions revealed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) after immunoblotting and lectin blotting showed extensive heterogeneity, with 5 - 8 isoforms evident over the isoelectric point (pI) range 4.4 - 5.2 and with the proportions and the position of the bands differing significantly between preparations. The biological activity of the pharmaceutical preparations of rhEPO was assessed by an in vivo bioassay using normocythaemic mice. The IEF and lectin blotting profiles generally correlated with the bioassay results, indicating that the products containing the greater proportion of acidic isoforms had the greater biopotencies. The degree of aggregation of preparations formulated without human serum albumin shown to vary between 1.4 to 13.6% of the total EPO content.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire