External Market Conditions, Competitiveness, Diversification, and Pakistan’s Export Performance

Pakistan’s exports evolve broadly in line with total world imports. Accordingly, Pakistan’s share in world imports was remarkably stable during the last 20 years, ranging between a minimum of 0.12 percent in 1980 and a maximum of 0.18 percent in 1992. In 1999-2000, the share was 0.15 percent. This would suggest that Pakistan’s export performance was not worse than that of the world on average. Compared to regional competitors, however, the performance was unimpressive, especially when compared to China and Thailand throughout the 1980s and 1990s or compared to Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka during the 1990s. All these countries succeeded in achieving sustainable market share increases in total world imports. In light of the growing awareness about the importance of exports in the overall economy of Pakistan and in view of the unimpressive export performance of Pakistan vis-à-vis other countries in the region it would be interesting to study the export performance of Pakistan and analyse the possible reasons for this poor performance and see whether it is due to demand deficiency or is it something to do with the supply side of the issue.

Export Diversification and the Structural Dynamics in the Growth Process: The Case of Pakistan

In the present paper we have tried to examine Pakistan’s experience with exports and growth by constructing several measures of diversification and structural change in Pakistan’s exports from a dis-aggregated data over a period of 27 years (1972-73 to 1997-98). Then using these measures we have tested a number of relationships among the structure of exports, export growth, aggregate growth, and world growth. By looking at the evolution and structural change of exports by sectors over the long run, we find a number of interesting results. First, the degree of export diversification increased sharply from 1979 and continued till 1985. After 1985, and with the return of the democracy in the country. There was a marked reduction in the export diversification and it went back to pre-1979 level. Secondly, a crude association of ‘traditionality’ with primary products and ‘non-traditionality’ with manufactured exports fails to represent Pakistan’s experience. As Pakistan emerged from an import substitution period into a period of structural change and free trade, its true comparative advantage was more visibly expressed, thus some manufactured exports declined while some primary products grew. Third, the shortrun dynamics of diversification and structural change show a marked pattern. Most change in the composition of exports has taken place during periods of boom in the domestic economy but when the world economy was experiencing a relatively recessionary period.

Efektivitas Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Narkotika dan Psikotropika terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 22 Kecamatan Pontianak Selatan Tahun 2015

Latar Belakang: Keadaan peredaran NAPZA (Narkotika, Psikotropika, ZatAditif lainnya) di tengah masyarakat Indonesia sangat memprihatinkan.Dampak dari penyalahgunaan narkotika yang sering terjadi di tengah-tengah masyarakat antara lain dapat merusak hubungan kekeluargaandan menurunkan kemampuan belajar.. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas penyuluhan kesehatan tentang narkotikadan psikotropika terhadap tingkat pengetahuan siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 22 Kecamatan Pontianak Selatan pada tahun 2015.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pre-eksperimental, single blind dengan menggunakan rancangan one group pretest-posttest design. yangdilakukan pada 64 orang siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 22 Kecamatan Pontianak Selatan yang diambil menggunakan metode stratified randomsampling. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji wilcoxon.Hasil: Hasil uji wilcoxon dengan melihat perbandingan peningkatanpengetahuan didapatkan nilai significancy (sig) sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05),yang berarti terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara pengetahuanresponden sebelum dan sesudah diberikan penyuluhan. Kesimpulan: Penyuluhan kesehatan mengenai narkotika dan psikotropikaefektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan responden mengenai narkotika dan psikotropika

Clustering Data Nilai Siswa SMA untuk Penentuan Jurusan Menggunakan Algoritma Fuzzy C-Means

Determination of the majors a process that occurs at the time the class- X will go up to class- IX, this is because the addition proses is carried out must be based in the interests and talent of each student's.In addition, this process is done by Bp/Bk, witch this assessment process based on value evaluation of each subject's flagship from each Department, to major in Science related subject (biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics), to social scienece Departement (economics, sociology, geography, history), and for the Departement of IPB (Indonesian Language, English, Germany Language).In this reaseach FCM Clustering can assist and improve value for Determination of the majors process 72%

POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT DIVERSITY OF HILLY AREAS OF AZAD KASHMIR AND THEIR MITIGATION: A REVIEW

Azad Kashmir has variety of mountain ecosystems which are rich in floral and faunal diversity. These ecosystems are fragile and are under stress due to various natural and anthropogenic pressures. Mountain ecosystems of Azad Kashmir are more vulnerable to global warming and are expected to show its impacts rapidly. Climate change may cause major changes in distribution ranges of different vegetation types. As a result of climate change, the area of three vegetation groups (alpine, grassland/arid woodlands and deserts) is expected to decrease and the areas of five types (cold conifer/mixed woodland, cold conifer/mixed forests, temperate conifer/mixed forests, warm conifer/mixed forests, and steppe/arid shrub lands) are expected to increase. Climate change is going to affect conservation of plant species and ecosystems by causing direct loss of plant species and intensify the effects of existing threats such as habitat degradation, deforestation and over-harvesting of plants by local communities, pollution and invasive species. These stresses, acting individually and collectively on species, communities and ecosystems, are depleting and will continue to deplete biodiversity. The negative impacts of climate change are multi-dimensional and wide-ranging. Their mitigation requires an integrated and coordinated policy response for conservation of plant resources. These measures include a regular monitoring and observation system, restoration of degraded habitats and forests, identifying new solutions involving cross-sectoral linkages to conserve biological diversity of Azad Kashmir by supporting the intricate and complex responses of species and ecosystems to climate change

Revisiting νμ(νˉμ)\nu_\mu(\bar\nu_\mu) and νe(νˉe)\nu_e(\bar\nu_e) Induced Quasielastic Scattering from Nuclei in Sub-GeV Energy Region

We present the results of charged current quasielastic(CCQE) scattering cross sections from free as well as bound nucleons like in $^{12}C$, $^{16}O$, $^{40}Ar$ and $^{208}Pb$ nuclear targets in $E_\nu(_{\bar\nu})~\le~$1 GeV energy region. The results are obtained using local Fermi gas model with and without RPA effect. The differences those may arise in the electron and muon production cross sections due to the different lepton mass, uncertainties in the axial dipole mass $M_A$ and pseudoscalar form factor, and due to the inclusion of second class currents have been highlighted for neutrino/antineutrino induced processes.Comment: Published in Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (NuInt-2015

Analisis Peran Kepemimpinan Camat di Kantor Kecamatan Bongomeme Kabupaten Gorontalo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perang seorang Camat dalam memimpin para pegawai di Kantor Camat Kecamatan Bongomeme, adapun metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa camat telah menunjukkan peran dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai melalui peran interpersonal, peran informasional, peran pengambil keputusan dan peran pengawasan. Peran tersebut dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut: 1) peran interpersonal ditunjukkan dengan kemampuan camat menjadi figur teladan menjadi penghubung antar pegawai, serta kemampuan camat dalam membina pegawai untuk memiliki kinerja yang baik, 2) tupoksi yang harus dilaksanakan serta kemampuan camat dalam melibatkan semua pegawai dalam proses analisis inforamasi untuk perbaikan kinerja pegawai, 3) peran pengambil keputusanditunjukkan dengan kemampuan camat melibatkan pegawai dalam pengambilan keputusan terkait perbaikan kinerja pegawai, konsistensi camat dalam melaksanakan hasil pengambilan keputusan untuk memperbaiki kinerja pegawai, serta adanya proses analisis untuk meningkatkan kinerja pegawai, dan 4) peran pengawasan ditunjukkan camat dalam menyelesaikan mekanime pengawasan, melakukan pengawasan selama berlangsung proses pekerjaan serta melakukan umpan Balik terhadap hasil pengawasan untuk perbaikan kinerja pegawai

Evaluasi Kebijakan Program Pemberian Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (Studi Kasus pada Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Mamuju Utara)

Various problems in the school operational funds program in North Mamuju regency .This study aims toevaluate of the implementation of a program of school operational funds (known as BOS) at the elementarySchools in North Mamuju. The variables of this study are effectiveness, adequacy, alignment, responsivenessand accuracy. This study use qualitative method or approach to the design of case study research,as for that being the cases in this study is the case that the formulation of the research problem. Data wascollected by observation in the field, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The determination of conductedpurposive informant, the informant saw the fit between a candidate with the required information.Data were analyzed with data reduction, data display, and draw conclusions. This study was shows thatthe evaluation of the results of operational assistance grant program at the school in elementary schoolMamuju shows that this program is executed quite well and can continue, but there is still a record to beflaws and weaknesses in the program so it is necessary to review it maximize of success and goals of theprogram itself BOS

Prosecution Of Money Laundering Of Proceeds Of Corruption By Anti-corruption Commission (Kpk)

As extra ordinary crime, corruption which may be done in several ways is hard to be eradicated. One of the ways is money laundering. The problem which arises is that KPK has no authority to prosecute money laundering of corruption proceed. This research aims to explore the authority to prosecute money laundering of corruption proceed based on existing legislations and to also provide the reform of law regarding to that issue. The research shows that there is no regulation which authorizes KPK to prosecute money laundering. To cope with that problem, the reform of laws is necessary by: First, combining the regulation of money laundering and corruption in one legislation; and Second, authorizing KPK to prosecute money laundering of corruption proceed by putting the authority in a legislation.IntisariSebagai extra ordinary crime, korupsi dengan berbagai modus operandi tidak mudah diberantas. Salah satu modus operandi yang kompleks adalah TPPU. Permasalahan yang timbul dalam TPPU hasil tindak pidana korupsi adalah dimana KPK tidak diberikan kewenangan melakukan penuntutan terhadap TPPU hasil korupsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kewenangan penuntutan terhadap perkara TPPU hasil korupsi dalam hukum positif dan memberikan reformulasi pengaturan terhadap hal tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat kekosongan hukum dalam penegakan hukum pada perkara TPPU hasil tindak pidana korupsi yang ditangani KPK. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut perlu reformulasi peraturan dengan: (1) mengatur secara tersendiri TPPU dalam UU PTPK; dan (2) memberikan kewenangan KPK untuk melakukan penuntutan terhadap perkara TPPU hasil tindak pidana korupsi