Zeit ist Geld. Kalendermanipulation und die ökonomische Bedeutung des Schaltmonats

Nicht allzu häufig wird man in den Schriftverzeichnissen deutscher Althistoriker auf Studien zur Zeitrechnung und zum antiken Kalenderwesen stoßen, wie dies bei Jürgen Malitz der Fall ist. Im Jahr 1987 ist sein viel beachteter Aufsatz zur Kalenderreform Caesars erschienen und jüngst hat er sich unter dem Titel "Die Ordnung der Zeit", wiederum ausgehend von Caesars Reform, verschiedensten Aspekten des antiken Kalenderwesens zugewandt und einen Bogen bis in die Gegenwart gespannt. Dieses Interessengebiet des Geehrten aufgreifend, möchte der vorliegende Beitrag einen wenig erforschten Aspekt dessen beleuchten, wie Zeit in der Antike als ökonomische Ressource begriffen und instrumentalisiert wurde. ..

Integrating short- and long-term bioerosion processes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Bioerosion, the degradation of hard substrate by living organisms, is an integral process of the marine carbonate cycle, contributing to the recycling of carbonate substrates and helping to maintain the balance between construction and destruction in reef environments. Experimental studies on bioerosion are an important tool for carbonate budget calculations and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Most previous bioerosion experiments were conducted over a period of 1 to 2 years giving a detailed picture on microbioerosion in different geographical settings. Experimental studies on the long-term succession of macrobioeroders were previously limited to tropical coral reef systems. Aim of this thesis was the integration of short- and long-term bioerosion processes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Research on bioerosion in the Mediterranean Sea has a long tradition, but experimental studies are scarce and were previously restricted to the Western Mediterranean Sea. The Eastern Mediterranean Sea is an extreme environment, characterised by an ultra-oligotrophic nutrient regime and exceptionally high temperature and salinity conditions. Experimental data on Mediterranean bioerosion, hence, contributes important information for evaluating global patterns of bioerosion and for modelling the future impact of bioerosion. This is particularly relevant since bioerosion is considered to increase with ongoing ocean acidification, with potentially detrimental effects on carbonate-dominated ecosystems. The main objectives were (1) to analyse the spatio-temporal variability of bioerosion in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and its effect on the carbonate budget, (2) to assess the usability of the observed bioerosion traces for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and (3) to set the results in latitudinal and longitudinal context to previous bioerosion experiments. This was based on three experimental studies: (1) a carbonate cycling experiment with experimental platforms deployed for a summer, a winter, and one year along a bathymetric transect from 15 to 250 m water depth south-west off the Peloponnese Peninsula in the Ionian Sea, (2) a coastal bioerosion experiment with limestone substrates mounted for 1 and 2 years in the inter- to supratidal zone at the island of Rhodes, and (3) a long-term experiment with experimental blocks deployed for 1 to 14 years in 3 to 17 m water depth around Rhodes. Short-term bioerosion rates and traces were analysed by gravimetrical measurements and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. For the analysis of long-term bioerosion rates and traces micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis was chosen in a novel approach

The Anthropology of Urban Comparison: Urban Comparative Concepts and Practices, the Entrepreneurial Ethnographic Self and Their Spatializing Dimensions:

In this article, I discuss comparison in urban anthropology from two perspectives. Using the fundamental epistemological significance of comparison as a starting point for all ethnographic cultural studies, I first present different comparative perspectives in urban anthropology and their concepts. These range from typological thinking to urban specificity and relational urbanity. Secondly, I examine comparison from the perspective of the anthropology of knowledge as an everyday academic practice in order to understand its subjectification and spatial dimensions. The possibilities and limitations of comparison resulting from everyday academic practice are thus seen as a prerequisite for establishing any concept of comparison. Finally, I critically explore the specific requirements of ethnographic comparison via the figure of the entrepreneurial-ethnographic self.In diesem Beitrag diskutiere ich den Vergleich in der Stadtanthropologie aus zwei Perspektiven: Ausgehend von der grundlegenden epistemologischen Bedeutung des Vergleichs für alle ethnografisch arbeitenden Kulturwissenschaften stelle ich in einem ersten Schritt die unterschiedlichen Vergleichsperspektiven und ihre Konzepte in der Stadtanthropologie vor. Diese reichen vom typologischen Denken über die Stadtspezifik bis hin zur relationalen Urbanität. In einem zweiten, wissensanthropologischen Schritt analysiere ich den Vergleich als wissenschaftliche Alltagspraxis, um die damit einhergehenden Subjektivierungen und räumlichen Dimensionen zu verstehen. Die aus der akademischen Alltagspraxis resultierenden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Vergleichs werden auf diese Weise als Voraussetzung für jegliche Konzepte des Vergleichs verstanden. Die spezifischen Anforderungen an den ethnografischen Vergleich beleuchte ich abschließend kritisch anhand der Figur des unternehmerisch-ethnografischen Selbst