Relation between the germination and infection ratio on Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby seeds under hot water treatment

Sida hermephrodita or virginia mallow is a perspective perennial herb in the Malvaceae family able to yield a biomass cropthrough between ten and twenty years. Additionally, the plants have a lot of uses and benefits for instance it can use it as a fodder crop,honey crop, ornamental plant in public gardens. It has favorable features like fast growing and resistance against the disease and climaticfluctuations, etc. Sida is in base stage of domestication therefore has a serious disadvantage the low and slow germination as a big part of wildplants. Due to the expressly low germination percent the need of seed showing of driller is should tenfold, 200 thousand seed/acre instead of10-20 thousand what is not available and expensive Therefore practical purposes of our research of seed physiology was to increase the seedgermination percent in a disposable ,basically wild Sida population.We examined two factors relating to seed germination percent and seed germination power during our research: the influence of hot watertreatment and the effect of exogenus or endogenus infection of seed. However, in our germination tests, utilizing scarified seeds with hotwater (65, 80 and 95 oC), 29,33 to 46% germinated of the seeds collected from the population of S. hermaphrodita in Debrecen. The averagegermination for all season was 5-10 % wihitout treatment and rised using hot water up to almost 50%. When physically scarified used, theoldest seeds showed the best germination (46 %) after the hot water operation in spite of the previus studys (Spooner 1985; Chudik et al. 2010;Doliński R. 2009.). We discovered that there are a distinguished close relationship between the seeds collecting time and the infection, as wellas germination percentage. Thus, 2009 season was the most favourable in case of contamination (control:17,33 and 80 oC treatment:0%) aswell as germination percent. It could be concluded that, the best season for our findings was 2009 due to autumn harvest of Sida seeds. Inour oppinion, the autumn harvesting should be the best time to overcome the problem of the low germination and high infection percentage

Relation between the germination and infection ratio on Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby seeds under hot water treatment

Sida hermephrodita or virginia mallow is a perspective perennial herb in the Malvaceae family able to yield a biomass crop through between ten and twenty years. Additionally, the plants have a lot of uses and benefits for instance it can use it as a fodder crop, honey crop, ornamental plant in public gardens. It has favorable features like fast growing and resistance against the disease and climatic fluctuations, etc. Sida is in base stage of domestication therefore has a serious disadvantage the low and slow germination as a big part of wild plants. Due to the expressly low germination percent the need of seed showing of driller is should tenfold, 200 thousand seed/acre instead of 10-20 thousand what is not available and expensive Therefore practical purposes of our research of seed physiology was to increase the seed germination percent in a disposable ,basically wild Sida population. We examined two factors relating to seed germination percent and seed germination power during our research: the influence of hot water treatment and the effect of exogenus or endogenus infection of seed. However, in our germination tests, utilizing scarified seeds with hot water (65, 80 and 95 oC), 29,33 to 46% germinated of the seeds collected from the population of S. hermaphrodita in Debrecen. The average germination for all season was 5-10 % wihitout treatment and rised using hot water up to almost 50%. When physically scarified used, the oldest seeds showed the best germination (46 %) after the hot water operation in spite of the previus studys (Spooner 1985; Chudik et al. 2010; Doliński R. 2009.). We discovered that there are a distinguished close relationship between the seeds collecting time and the infection, as well as germination percentage. Thus, 2009 season was the most favourable in case of contamination (control:17,33 and 80 oC treatment:0%) as well as germination percent. It could be concluded that, the best season for our findings was 2009 due to autumn harvest of Sida seeds. In our oppinion, the autumn harvesting should be the best time to overcome the problem of the low germination and high infection percentage

Obtention of new ornamental leaf variants of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) originated from somatic embryogenesis and their photosynthetic parameters

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant, it has been widespread all over the world by human activities. It is a 2-8 meter high, polyploid, sterile species (not produce viable seeds), it can be propagated only by vegetative methods (rhizomes, stem cuttings, in vitro biotechnological methods). It has considered promising dedicated energy crop thanks to high biomass production (20-40 dry tons per hectare depending on microclimate), adaptability of different kind of soils and environment and low energy input required for its cultivation. It has been utilized for energetic purposes, biogas/bioethanol production, cellulose/paper production and ornamental purposes. The objectives of the present study were to determine morphological properties of new ornamental giant reed leaf variants originated from somatic embryogenesis and to evaluate their photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic activities. The most typical changes was the appearance of different colour (white, yellow, light green) longitudinal stripes on leaves (also on petiole and on leaf blade). It was significant differences (p<0.05) between green and leaf variants in case of photosynthetic pigments content and photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm value). There was no detectable chlorophyll a or b content in the white bands of leaves and albino shoots. Total chlorophyll content of the white striped leaf variety was more than twice than the light green leaves. Photosynthetic activity and content of photosynthetic pigments also confirm and determine the morphological characteristics and growth habit of leaf variants

Cost-effective plantlet production and wintering method of virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby)

The main goal of this research was to work out programmable, cost-effective and industrial scale technologies of mass propagationfrom the seeds of rootstock nurseries of undomesticated American populations of Sidahermaphrodita. During our previou`s seed treatmentexperiments, it was concluded that around 60% of the Virginia fanpetalsseeds collected during the four cropyears can be considered as highquality, infection-free, normally imbibing and germinating seeds (Kurucz et al., 2013a,b). The experiments performed with the nurse-in-traymethod developed by us showed that the summer-autumn nurse-in-tray plantlet production and unprotected wintering of Virginia fanpetalswith properly pre-treated and fractioned seeds is a promising new method. No weeds appear between the plants, but only on the side of thecases during plantlet production. The investment cost of the method is minimal. There are no heating costs and this phytotechnique can beeasily and properly mechanised. Plantlet production can be performed near the large-scale plots. After exploring the root and shoot system,it was concluded that the nurse-in-tray method is suitable for producing plantlets with hardened and strong roots. Scheduled plantlets can beproduced in an industrial scale volume by the time of early spring (March) plantlet planting. The excavateof plantlets can be flexibly adjustedto the needs; they may even grow in the plantlet cases for a whole year. We think that these innovative plantlet production and winteringmethods which are suitable for large-scale use will make Virginia fanpetals a proper feedstock for the constant supply of the Biomass SupplyChain both in Hungary and in European countries which are in the same climate zone. The comparative analysis of the costs of this procedurecalls for further research

Industrial-scale plantlet production by seed priming and nursery tray seeding method in Sida hermaphrodita L. Rushby

Virginia mallow (Sida hermephrodita Rushby), Malvaceae family, is a perspective perennial herb able to yield a biomass crop through the last two decades. In our previous studies, we examined two factors relating to seed germination percent and seed germination power during our research: the influence of hot water treatment and the effect of exogenous or endogenous infection of seed. Following these recognition we modifi ed our technique, in such a way that we fractionated the seeds based on their fresh weight / or relative density before we carried out the treatment. When we fi ltered the fl oating seeds on the surface of water, the hot water treatment was performed considerably better on the sink seeds after separation. Therefore, by this special priming process we were able to reach 80% germination capacity of Virgina mallow seeds under laboratory conditions (26 oC without illumination). From all nurseries tray methods preliminary results, it is clear that, Sida seeds, which were treated with these methods, gave the best growing rate for industrial uses

Industrial-scale plantlet production by seed priming and nursery tray seeding method in Sida hermaphrodita L. Rushby

Virginia mallow (Sida hermephrodita Rushby), Malvaceae family, is a perspective perennial herb able to yield a biomass cropthrough the last two decades. In our previous studies, we examined two factors relating to seed germination percent and seed germinationpower during our research: the infl uence of hot water treatment and the effect of exogenous or endogenous infection of seed. Following theserecognition we modifi ed our technique, in such a way that we fractionated the seeds based on their fresh weight / or relative density beforewe carried out the treatment. When we fi ltered the fl oating seeds on the surface of water, the hot water treatment was performed considerablybetter on the sink seeds after separation. Therefore, by this special priming process we were able to reach 80% germination capacity of Virginamallow seeds under laboratory conditions (26 oC without illumination). From all nurseries tray methods preliminary results, it is clear that,Sida seeds, which were treated with these methods, gave the best growing rate for industrial uses

Boistimulator effect of stress tolerant rhizobacteria on horticultural models

The tolerant bacteria for abiotic stresses such salinity, drought, and different pH have been used as a good tool toimprove plant growth in sustainable agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of isolated stresstolerantbacteria for red mud-polluted soil on growth performance of giant reed plants with increasing concentrations of NaCl0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.5; 1.0% under gnotobiotic conditions. At the same time biostimulator potential of isolated bacteria wasobserved in case of radish in vitro germination experiment under salt stress. It was found that the observed bacterial straincan tolerate the salt and pH moderately however it is resistant against hydrogen-peroxide caused oxidative stress in highconcentration (up to 2640 mM). Molecular identification, basis on 16S rDNA showed 98% similarity to the Bacillus aryabhattaibacterial strain. The isolated strain alleviated the negative effect of salt (0.05%) for the radish seed germination. However inhigher salt concentration (≥0.1%) the bacterial mitigating effect vanished. The inhibition of increasing salt concentration forgiant reed plantlets was also alleviated by halotolerant bacteria treatment (≥0.5%)

Boistimulator effect of stress tolerant rhizobacteria on horticultural models

The tolerant bacteria for abiotic stresses such salinity, drought, and different pH have been used as a good tool to improve plant growth in sustainable agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of isolated stresstolerant bacteria for red mud-polluted soil on growth performance of giant reed plants with increasing concentrations of NaCl 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.5; 1.0% under gnotobiotic conditions. At the same time biostimulator potential of isolated bacteria was observed in case of radish in vitro germination experiment under salt stress. It was found that the observed bacterial strain can tolerate the salt and pH moderately however it is resistant against hydrogen-peroxide caused oxidative stress in high concentration (up to 2640 mM). Molecular identification, basis on 16S rDNA showed 98% similarity to the Bacillus aryabhattai bacterial strain. The isolated strain alleviated the negative effect of salt (0.05%) for the radish seed germination. However in higher salt concentration (≥0.1%) the bacterial mitigating effect vanished. The inhibition of increasing salt concentration for giant reed plantlets was also alleviated by halotolerant bacteria treatment (≥0.5%)

Irrigation Requirements for Grape Crop under Climate Changes Conditions in Egypt

The present work is mainly directed to discuss sensitivity of climate changes upon the irrigation demand for grape crop in Egypt. The Penman Monteith equation was used to calculate reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) under current and future climate for the two locations (El Menya and El Beheira). The historical climate data for ten years from (2000 – 2010) was used as current climate to calculate irrigation requirement for grape crop under Egyptian conditions. Two climate changes scenarios have been applied as changes in temperature. The first scenario supposed that increasing in temperature of 1.5°C would happen, and the second scenario supposed that increasing of 3.5°C would happen to calculate reference Evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement for future climate. The results showed that the evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement for grape crop at El Menya location higher than El Beheira location. Irrigation demand for grape plant under two climate changes scenario will increase in El Menya and El Beheira locations. El Menya location will take the highest irrigation demand under climate changes. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate changes for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in Egypt

Selenium enriched vegetables as biofortification alternative for alleviating micronutrient malnutrition

There is a very difficult equation for malnutrition and over-consumption. That means malnutrition even of vitamins and/or minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, I, Mg, Se and Zn, vitamin A) affects more than two billion people worldwide, largely due to low concentrations or poor bioavailability of the nutrients in the diet. In some developed countries in contrast, over-consumption, particularly of over-refined cerealbased foods, has contributed to the development of an epidemic of metabolic diseases. So, producing nutritious and safe foods sufficiently and sustainably is important target at the same time challenge of modern agriculture. In the past, great efforts have focused only on increasing crop yields, but enhancing the concentrations of mineral micronutrients has become an urgent task. The main daily food source is the staple crops specially in developing countries of the world, i.e., wheat, rice, cassava, beans, sweet potato or maize. These kind of plants are often deficient in some of mineral elements. Thus, the increasing of bioavailable concentration of micronutrients in edible crop tissues (via biofortification) has become a promising strategy in modern agriculture, providing more nutritious foods, to more people, with the use of fewer lands. Biofortification of these trace elements can be achieved application with agronomic process such as soil or foliar fertilization or crop breeding even conventional technic and/or genetic engineering. This review highlight progress to date and identify challenges faced in delivering biofortified vegetable crops as well as the agronomic approaches and tools to improve crop yield and micronutrient content of food crops