Associação entre trabalho noturno fixo, obesidade e ganho de peso : uma revisão sistemática de literatura

A crescente demanda por produtos e serviços de uma economia global que funciona 24 horas por dia nos sete dias da semana exige, cada vez mais frequentemente, que trabalhadores realizem suas atividades em turnos alternativos ao turno diurno. O trabalho em turnos pode ser definido como aquele que ocorre entre 19h00 e 06h00, englobando arranjos de trabalho com turnos diurnos alternados com turnos até meia-noite ou turnos noturnos, enquanto que o trabalho noturno fixo pode ser definido como aquele que é realizado durante um período não menos do que sete horas consecutivas, incluindo o intervalo compreendido entre a meia-noite e 05h00min. Características laborais desses regimes de trabalho – como longas jornadas realizadas em turnos rotativos ou trabalho noturno – estão associadas ao risco para aumento de doenças. O trabalho noturno fixo tem algumas diferenças em comparação ao trabalho em turnos alternados em relação a esses desfechos. Embora os mecanismos causais não estejam totalmente esclarecidos, mudanças comportamentais observadas nos trabalhadores noturnos, como a dessincronização do ritmo circadiano, a privação do sono, a exposição à luz artificial, o estilo de vida sedentário, e hábitos não saudáveis podem induzir alterações metabólicas, incluindo sobrepeso, obesidade e ganho de peso. Parece existir uma relação dose-resposta entre a exposição ao trabalho noturno fixo e o ganho de peso, particularmente quando a duração excede os 5 anos no mesmo turno. O custo negativo para saúde do trabalhador noturno fixo é elevado, e impacta também nos custos das empresas: o sobrepeso e a obesidade estão associados a maior mortalidade, morbidade e absenteísmo, além de que esses trabalhadores apresentam taxas mais elevadas de tabagismo, são mais inativos fisicamente, apresentam comportamentos alimentares mais pobres, e têm menor produtividade. Existem poucos estudos que avaliam o impacto do trabalho noturno nos desfechos metabólicos. Nesses estudos, frequentemente a exposição ao trabalho noturno não é clara, a definição é variável, e frequentemente o trabalho em turnos alternados não é avaliado de forma distinta do trabalho noturno. Nessa revisão sistemática, objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre trabalho exclusivamente noturno fixo e sobrepeso, obesidade ou ganho de peso

Risk factors affecting occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among dental students: a cross-sectional study in a brazilian federal university

Introduction: Dental students are often exposed to bloodborne pathogens during dental training. Several factors are involved in increased risk of human deficiency, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus (HIV, HBV, and HCV) infection. However, there are few studies that address the risks and forms of prevention among dental students in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study of occupational exposure to blood or body fluids among dental students of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was performed. These students were referred to the Occupational Medicine Department of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from January 2007 to April 2015. Analyzed data included type of exposure (needlestick injury, mucosal exposure, and exposure to non-intact skin); source patient status for HBV, HIV and HCV infection, accident during dental training, procedure performed, biological material involved, type of accident, and hepatitis B vaccination and serological protection status. The objective was to know the incidence rate and others characteristics of accidents in order to prevent them. Results: There were 312 accidents during the study period of 8 years and 4 months, an estimated incidence rate of Incidence rate was 87,42 exposures per 1000 students-year. Source patient was known in 297 of the cases (95.2%), of which 3 were HBsAg reagent, 12 were HIV reagent, and 17 were HCV reagent. The majority of accidents occurred during procedure, but nearly as high as 40% occurred after procedure, of which 63% occurred during instrument cleaning, disinfecting or sterilizing. Most involved sharp instruments were anesthetic syringe needle and curette. Only 48% of dental students knew their anti-HBs was > 10 mIU/mL. Conclusions: Dental students should be tested for hepatitis B immune status at the beginning of training, and vaccination should be available to all dental students before they start clinical practice. Work practice controls on sharp devices should be addressed at the beginning and strengthened during dental training. Dental training institutions should review instrumental cleaning process to minimize handling of loose contaminated instruments.Keywords: Dental students; occupational exposure; bloodborne pathogens; sharp injury; needlestick injury

Night shift work, short sleep and obesity

Background: Obesity is associated with increased general mortality and comorbidities, it is multifactorial and some evidence has shown that sleep duration and shift work may be implicated in its pathogenesis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between shift work, quality of life and obesity among healthcare workers of a Brazilian University Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from April 2013 to December 2014 with 200 workers of a University Hospital. Sociodemographic data were evaluated and BREF WHOQOL was used for quality of life. The physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Chronotypes and daily sleep preference were investigated using Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Venous blood was collected after 12-h of fasting for laboratory tests. Results: In this sample, the night shift workers had higher income and were older compared to day shift workers. Night shift workers sleep less hours, had higher weight, body mass index and abdominal circumference when compared to the day shift workers. Night shift workers had almost 3 times higher association with abdominal obesity independent of age and gender, than day shift workers. MCTQ parameters showed that night shift workers had lower sleep duration during working days and also during free days, associated with a higher level of social jetlag. Social jetlag had an association with obesity. We found no diference for quality of life between shifts. Conclusions: Night work was a risk factor for abdominal obesity, social jetlag was higher in night shift workers and it was associated with presence of obesity

COVID-19 among healthcare workers in a Southern Brazilian Hospital and evaluation of a diagnostic strategy based on the RT-PCR test and retest for Sars-CoV-2

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare workers are at risk for COVID-19 contamination. It is important to protect them in order to reduce nosocomial transmission and maintain the assistance capacity of health systems. To evaluate the diagnostic test and retest strategy with RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and factors associated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 among healthcare workers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in a Brazilian hospital. From April 27 to June 16, 2020, symptomatic healthcare workers underwent an RT-PCR test on upper respiratory tract specimens as soon as possible and, if negative, it was repeated close to the 5th day of symptom evolution. Working areas were divided into assistance areas dedicated or not dedicated to COVID-19 and non-assistance areas. The type of activity was divided into assistance or non-assistance activity. RESULTS: 775 individuals were evaluated. 114 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 101 followed the testing protocol. A second RT-PCR identified five (4.9%) of the positive cases. Working in an area dedicated to patients with COVID-19 was more prevalent among positive cases (35.1% x 19.8%, p=0.001) as well as working in an assistance activity (80.7% x 70.8%, p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: A second RT-PCR test after the 5th day of symptom evolution showed limited diagnostic improvement. The adoption of a single test-based strategy, carried out at the right time after the onset of symptoms, allows the optimal use of resources. Working in a COVID-19 dedicated area and in direct contact with patients is related to a higher prevalence of COVID-19 among symptomatic healthcare workers