16 research outputs found
Pneumatocele formation following COVID-19 pneumonia
A 61-year-old man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department with worsening dyspnea a week after close con-tact with someonewhohad COVID-19. Hewas unvaccinated. He washypoxemic, and the chest radiograph showed bilateralopacities consistent withCOVID-19 pneumonia and tested positive for RNA from SARS-CoV-2. Blood tests showed raised inflammatory markers. Computed tomography (CT)of the chest demonstrated bilateralground-glass opacities. Thepatient washospitalized andtreated with high-flow nasaloxygentherapy, dexameth-asone, and sarilumab. His clinical status improved, and hewas discharged home after 1 week of hospitalization.Three weekslater, hepresented againwith worsening dyspnea, fever, and pleuritic chest pain. A CT pulmonary angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism (Fig. 1A, B) but demonstrated athin-walled cystic lesion with an air–fluid level (Fig. 1A, arrowheads) that suggested an infected pneumatocele. The patient was managed conserva-tively with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 3 weeks. During the follow-up, the patient reported the disappearance of symptomatology
Safety, feasibility, and hemodynamic response of regadenoson for stress perfusion CMR
Owing to its pharmacodynamics and posology, the use of regadenoson for stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has
potential advantages over other vasodilators. We sought to evaluate the safety, hemodynamic response and diagnostic
performance of regadenoson stress-CMR in routine clinical practice. All regadenoson stress-CMR examinations performed
between May 2017 and July 2020 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 698 studies were included
for the final analysis. A conventional stress/rest protocol was performed using a 1.5T MRI scanner (Magnetom Aera, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). Adverse events, clinical symptoms, and hemodynamic response were assessed.
Diagnostic accuracy of the test was evaluated in patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography. Nearly half of
patients (48.5%) remained asymptomatic. Most common clinical symptoms included dyspnea (137, 19.6%), chest pain
(116, 16.6%) and flushing (44, 6.3%). Two patients (0.28%) could not complete the examination due to severe hypotension or unbearable chest pain. Overall, an increase in heart rate (HR) response (36.2% [IQR: 22.5–50.9]) and a decrease
in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (median systolic BP response of -5% [IQR: -11.5-0.6]; median diastolic BP
response of -6.3 mmHg [IQR: -13.4-0]) was observed. Patients with symptoms induced by regadenoson showed higher
HR response (40.3%, IQR: 26.4–56.1 vs. 32.4%, IQR: 19-45.6, p<0.001), whereas a blunted HR response was observed
in diabetic (29.6%, IQR: 18.4–42 p<0.001), obese (31.7%, IQR: 20.7–46.2 p=0.005) and patients aged 70 years or
older (32.9%, IQR: 22.6–43.1 p<0.001). Overall, regadenoson stress-CMR showed 95.65% (IQ 91.49–99.81) sensitivity,
54.84% (IQ 35.71–73.97) specificity, 86.99% (IQ 82.74–94.68) positive predictive value, and 77.27% (IQ 57.49–97.06)
negative predictive value for detecting significant coronary stenosis as compared with invasive coronary angiography.
Regadenoson is a well-tolerated vasodilator that can be safely employed for stress perfusion CMR, with high diagnostic
performanc
Somatotypes trajectories during adulthood and their association with COPD phenotypes
Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comprises distinct phenotypes, all
characterised by airflow limitation.
Objectives: We hypothesised that somatotype changes – as a surrogate of adiposity – from early adulthood
follow different trajectories to reach distinct phenotypes.
Methods: Using the validated Stunkard’s Pictogram, 356 COPD patients chose the somatotype that best
reflects their current body build and those at ages 18, 30, 40 and 50 years. An unbiased group-based
trajectory modelling was used to determine somatotype trajectories. We then compared the current
COPD-related clinical and phenotypic characteristics of subjects belonging to each trajectory.
Measurements and main results: At 18 years of age, 88% of the participants described having a lean or
medium somatotype (estimated body mass index (BMI) between 19 and 23 kg·m−2
) while the other 12% a
heavier somatotype (estimated BMI between 25 and 27 kg·m−2
). From age 18 onwards, five distinct
trajectories were observed. Four of them demonstrating a continuous increase in adiposity throughout
adulthood with the exception of one, where the initial increase was followed by loss of adiposity after age
40. Patients with this trajectory were primarily females with low BMI and DLCO (diffusing capacity of the
lung for carbon monoxide). A persistently lean trajectory was seen in 14% of the cohort. This group had
significantly lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), DLCO, more emphysema and a worse BODE
(BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity) score thus resembling the multiple organ loss
of tissue (MOLT) phenotype.
Conclusions: COPD patients have distinct somatotype trajectories throughout adulthood. Those with the
MOLT phenotype maintain a lean trajectory throughout life. Smoking subjects with this lean phenotype in
early adulthood deserve particular attention as they seem to develop more severe COPD
Long-term prognostic value of coronary CTA in orthotopic heart transplant recipients
OBJECTIVE. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of coronary
CTA (CCTA) in heart transplant recipients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. The records of 114 patients who had undergone a
heart transplant (mean age, 61.7 ± 11.1 [SD] years; 83.3% men) and who underwent
CCTA for the surveillance of coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) from June 2007 to
December 2017 were retrospectively evaluated for the occurrence of major adverse
cardiovascular events (MACEs) (cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, coronary revascularization, cardiac arrhythmias,
stroke, and retransplant). Patients were classified according to the presence of nonobstructive CAV (lumen reduction < 50%) or obstructive disease (lumen reduction ≥ 50%)
and using a coronary segment involvement score (SIS). Differences in MACE rate between groups were compared.
RESULTS. Obstructive CAV was observed in 12 heart transplant recipients (10.5%).
During a mean follow-up of 67.5 ± 41.4 months the overall rates of MACE were 50% and
14.7% in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive CAV, respectively (p < .05), resulting in an odds ratio for MACE of 6 (95% CI, 1.7–21.2). Comparison of event-free survival
showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 5 (95% CI, 1.95–13; p =. 004) for patients with obstructive
disease. The presence of four or more stenotic coronary segments (SIS ≥ 4) was associated with a higher rate of events (HR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.46–8.23).
CONCLUSION. In patients who have undergone a heart transplant, CCTA offers a significant long-term prognostic impact on the prediction of MACEs
Pulmonary arterial enlargement predicts long-term survival in COPD patients
Rationale
Pulmonary artery enlargement (PAE) is associated with exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and with survival in moderate to severe patients. The potential role of PAE in survival prediction has not been compared with other clinical and physiological prognostic markers.
Methods
In 188 patients with COPD, PA diameter was measured on a chest CT and the following clinical and physiological parameters registered: age, gender, smoking status, pack-years history, dyspnea, lung function, exercise capacity, Body Mass Index, BODE index and history of exacerbations in year prior to enrolment. Proportional Cox regression analysis determined the best predictor of all cause survival.
Results
During 83 months (±42), 43 patients died. Age, pack-years history, smoking status, BMI, FEV1%, six minute walking distance, Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, BODE index, exacerbation rate prior to enrollment, PA diameter and PAE (diameter≥30mm) were associated with survival. In the multivariable analysis, age (HR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.03–1.12, p<0.001) and PAE (HR: 2.78; 95%CI: 1.35–5.75, p = 0.006) were the most powerful parameters associated with all-cause mortality.
Conclusions
In this prospective observational study of COPD patients with mild to moderate airflow limitation, PAE was the best predictor of long-term survival along with age
Cardiometabolic characterization in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
BackgroundTo better understand the patient's heterogeneity in fatty liver disease (FLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was proposed by international experts as a new nomenclature for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk, assessed through coronary artery calcium (CAC) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), of patients without FLD and patients with FLD and its different subtypes. MethodsCross sectional study of 370 patients. Patients with FLD were divided into 4 groups: FLD without metabolic dysfunction (non-MD FLD), MAFLD and the presence of overweight/obesity (MAFLD-OW), MAFLD and the presence of two metabolic abnormalities (MAFLD-MD) and MAFLD and the presence of T2D (MAFLD-T2D). MAFLD-OW included two subgroups: metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO). The patients without FLD were divided into 2 groups: patients without FLD and without MD (non-FLD nor MD; reference group) and patients without FLD but with MD (non-FLD with MD). EAT and CAC (measured through the Agatston Score) were determined by computed tomography. ResultsCompared with the reference group (non-FLD nor MD), regarding EAT, patients with MAFLD-T2D and MAFLD-MUHO had the highest risk for CVD (OR 15.87, 95% CI 4.26-59.12 and OR 17.60, 95% CI 6.71-46.20, respectively), patients with MAFLD-MHO were also at risk for CVD (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.83-7.16), and patients with non-MD FLD did not have a significantly increased risk (OR 1.77; 95% CI 0.67-4.73). Regarding CAC, patients with MAFLD-T2D had an increased risk for CVD (OR 6.56, 95% CI 2.18-19.76). Patients with MAFLD-MUHO, MAFLD-MHO and non-MD FLD did not have a significantly increased risk compared with the reference group (OR 2.54, 95% CI 0.90-7.13; OR 1.84, 95% CI 0.67-5.00 and OR 2.11, 95% CI 0.46-9.74, respectively). ConclusionMAFLD-T2D and MAFLD-OW phenotypes had a significant risk for CVD. MAFLD new criteria reinforced the importance of identifying metabolic phenotypes in populations as it may help to identify patients with higher CVD risk and offer a personalized therapeutic management in a primary prevention setting
Psoas muscle density evaluated by chest CT and long-term mortality in COPD patients
Rationale: Poor muscle quality in COPD patients relates to exercise intolerance and mortality. Muscle
quality can be estimated on computed tomography (CT) by estimating psoas density (PsD). We tested
the hypothesis that PsD is lower in COPD patients than in controls and relates to all-cause mortality.
Methods: At baseline, PsD was measured using axial low-dose chest CT images in 220 COPD patients,
80% men, who were 65 ± 8 years old with mild to severe airflow limitation and in a control group of 58
subjects matched by age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). COPD patients were
prospectively followed for 76.5 (48–119) months. Anthropometrics, smoking history, BMI, dyspnoea,
lung function, exercise capacity, BODE index and exacerbations history were recorded. Cox proportional
risk analysis determined the factors more strongly associated with long-term mortality.
Results: PsD was lower in COPD patients than in controls (40.5 vs 42.5, p = 0.045). During the follow-up,
54 (24.5%) deaths occurred in the COPD group. PsD as well as age, sex, pack-year history, FEV1%, 6MWD,
mMRC, BODE index, were independently associated with mortality. Multivariate analysis showed that
age (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02–1.12, p = 0.006) and CT-assessed PsD (HR 0.97; 95%CI 0.94–0.99, p = 0.023) were
the variables independently associated with all-cause mortality.
Conclusions: In COPD patients with mild to severe airflow limitation, chest CT-assessed psoas muscle
density was lower than in matched controls and independently associated with long-term mortality.
Muscle quality using the easy to evaluate psoas muscle density from chest CT may provide clinicians
with important prognostic information in COPD.Justificación: La baja calidad muscular de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
(EPOC) se relaciona con la intolerancia al ejercicio y la mortalidad. La calidad del músculo puede estimarse mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) evaluando la densidad del psoas (PsD). Consideramos la
hipótesis de que la PsD es menor en los pacientes con EPOC que en los controles y que se relaciona con la
mortalidad por todas las causas.
Métodos: Al inicio se midió la PsD utilizando las imágenes de TC axial de tórax de baja dosis en 220
pacientes con EPOC, el 80% hombres, de 65 ± 8 anos ˜ con limitación del flujo aéreo leve a grave y en un
grupo control de 58 sujetos emparejados por edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal(IMC) y área de superficie
corporal (ASC). Realizamos el seguimiento de los pacientes con EPOC de forma prospectiva durante 76,5
(48-119) meses. Se registraron los datos antropométricos, el historial de tabaquismo, el IMC, la disnea,
la función pulmonar, la capacidad de ejercicio, el índice BODE y el historial de exacerbaciones. El análisis
de riesgos proporcionales de Cox determinó los factores con mayor asociación con la mortalidad a largo
plazo.
Resultados: La PsD fue menor en los pacientes con EPOC que en los controles (40,5 vs. 42,5, p = 0,045).
Durante el seguimiento, se dieron 54 (24,5%) fallecimientos en el grupo EPOC. Tanto la PsD como la edad,
el sexo, el historial de paquetes por ano, ˜ el FEV1%, la PC6M, la mMRC y el índice BODE se asociaron de
forma independiente con la mortalidad.
El análisis multivariante mostró que la edad (HR 1,06; IC 95% 1,02-1,12, p = 0,006) y la PsD evaluada
mediante TC (HR 0,97; IC 95% 0,94-0,99, p = 0,023) fueron variables asociadas de manera independiente
con la mortalidad por todas las causas.
Conclusiones: En los pacientes con EPOC y limitación al flujo aéreo leve a grave, la densidad del músculo
psoas evaluada mediante TC de tórax fue menor que en los controles emparejados y se asoció de forma
independiente con la mortalidad a largo plazo. La calidad muscular, evaluada fácilmente utilizando la densidad muscular del psoas valorada mediante TC torácico, puede proporcionarles a los clínicos información
relevante respecto a la prognosis en la EPOC
Evaluation of miCRovascular rarefaction in vascUlar Cognitive Impairment and heArt faiLure (CRUCIAL): Study protocol for an observational study
Introduction: Microvascular rarefaction, the functional reduction in perfused microvessels and structural reduction of microvascular density, seems to be an important mechanism in the pathophysiology of small blood vessel related disorders including vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) due to cerebral small vessel disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Both diseases share common risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and ageing; in turn, these co-morbidities are associated with microvascular rarefaction. Our consortium aims to investigate novel non-invasive tools to quantify microvascular health and rarefaction in both organs, as well as surrogate biomarkers for cerebral and/or cardiac rarefaction (via sublingual capillary health, vascular density of the retina, and RNA content of circulating extracellular vesicles), and to determine whether microvascular density relates to disease severity.Methods/design: The clinical research program of CRUCIAL consists of four observational cohort studies. We aim to recruit 75 VCI patients, 60 HFpEF patients, 60 patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement as a pressure overload HFpEF model, and 200 elderly participants with mixed comorbidities to serve as controls. Data collected will include medical history, physical examination, cognitive testing, advanced brain and cardiac MRI, ECG, echocardiography, sublingual capillary health, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTa), extracellular vesicles RNA analysis and myocardial remodelling-related serum biomarkers. The AS cohort undergoing surgery will also have myocardial biopsy for histological microvascular assessment. Discussion: CRUCIAL will examine the pathophysiological role of microvascular rarefaction in VCI and HFpEF using advanced brain and cardiac MRI techniques. Furthermore, we will investigate surrogate biomarkers for non-invasive, faster, easier, and cheaper assessment of microvascular density since these are more likely to be disseminated into widespread clinical practice. If microvascular rarefaction is an early marker of developing small vessel diseases, then measuring rarefaction may allow pre-clinical diagnosis, with implications for screening, risk stratification, and prevention. Further knowledge of the relevance of microvascular rarefaction and its underlying mechanisms may provide new avenues for research and therapeutic targets