Survey on Large Scale Neural Network Training

International audienceModern Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) require significant memory to store weight, activations, and other intermediate tensors during training. Hence, many models don't fit one GPU device or can be trained using only a small per-GPU batch size. This survey provides a systematic overview of the approaches that enable more efficient DNNs training. We analyze techniques that save memory and make good use of computation and communication resources on architectures with a single or several GPUs. We summarize the main categories of strategies and compare strategies within and across categories. Along with approaches proposed in the literature, we discuss available implementations

Bioactive lipids as biomarkers of adverse reactions associated with apheresis platelet concentrate transfusion

Platelet concentrate (PC) transfusion seeks to provide haemostasis in patients presenting severe central thrombocytopenia or severe bleeding. PCs may induce adverse reactions (AR) that can occasionally be severe (SAR). PCs contain active biomolecules such as cytokines and lipid mediators. The processing and storage of PCs creates so-called structural and biochemical storage lesions that accumulate when blood products reach their shelf life. We sought to investigate lipid mediators as bioactive molecules of interest during storage and review associations with adverse reactions post-transfusion. To facilitate understanding, we focused on single donor apheresis (SDA) PCs with approximately 31.8% of PCs being delivered in our setting. Indeed, pooled PCs are the most widely transfused products, but the study of a single donor lipid mediator is easier to interpret. We are investigating key lipid mediators involved in AR. Adverse reactions were closely monitored in accordance with current national and regional haemovigilance protocols. Residual PCs were analysed post-transfusion in a series of observations, both with and without severe reactions in recipients. A decrease in the lysophosphatidylcholine species to produce the lysophosphatidic acid species has been observed during storage and in the case of AR. Lysophosphatidic acid increased with primarily platelet-inhibitor lipids. Anti-inflammatory platelet-induced inhibition lipids were weakly expressed in cases of severe adverse reactions. We therefore propose that a decrease in lysophosphatidylcholine and an increase in lysophosphatidic acid can prospectively predict serious adverse transfusion reactions

Environnement du cancer colorectal (étude conjointe des lymphocytes T régulateurs et du système IDO. Mise au point d un modèle de croissance de cancer colorectal humain chez la souris immunodéprimée)

Nous avons tout d abord étudié la proportion de tissu marqué par des anticorps FOXP3 et IDO à différents sites de pièces opératoires de patients opérés d un cancer colorectal (CCR), au centre (C) et au front tumoral (F), dans un ganglion non métastatique drainant la tumeur (N) et dans la muqueuse saine à distance de la tumeur (M) grâce une technique de numérisation de très nombreuses coupes histologiques (TMA). La proportion de surface IDO+ et FOXP3 + dans l épithélium était significativement plus élevée dans la muqueuse saine de patients atteints de CCR que dans la muqueuse de patients opérés de cause bénigne. De plus la proportion de surface IDO+ dans N était corrélée à la proportion de surface FOXP3+ dans C, F et M. Par ailleurs nous avons dosé dans le sérum les concentrations de tryptophane (Trp) et de son principal métabolite la kynurénine (Kyn) et calculer l activité IDO comme rapport Kyn/Trp chez des patients atteints de CCR et des patients non cancéreux, avant résection chirurgicale et au septième jour post-opératoire. En pré-opératoire, les patients avec CCR avaient une concentration sérique moyenne de Kyn significativement plus élevée que les patients non cancéreux. Le rapport Kyn/Trp était plus élevé dans le groupe CCR à J0 et non au septième jour postopératoire. Enfin nous avons cherché à mettre au point un modèle de croissance de CCR humain chez la souris immunodéprimée en utilisant différents sites d implantation et différentes préparations. Nous avons suivi cette croissance par caméra à bioluminescence avant et après chimiothérapie.In this thesis, we first assessed the cellular infiltrate of colorectal cancer (CRC) using computer-aided analysis of whole slide digital image derived from tissue microarray (TMA), at different sites, center (C) and front (F) of tumor, non metastatic draining lymph nod (N) and healthy mucosa (M). The proportion of IDO positive tissue area in epithelium was significantly higher in healthy mucosa of patients with cancer than without. The FOXP3+ tissue area was increased in healthy mucosa of CRC patients in comparison with healthy mucosa of patients with colorectal resection for disease other than cancer. The proportion of IDO+ tissue area in N was correlated with the proportion of FOXP3+ tissue area in N, F and M. Then, were measured concentrations of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenin (Kyn) in the sera of patients with and without CRC prior surgery (D0) and 7 days after surgery (D7). The IDO activity was estimated by the serum Kyn/Trp ratio. At Day 0, serum Kyn concentration and Kyn/Trp ratio were higher in the CRC group than in Control group. At Day 7, serum concentrations of Kyn and IDO activity were not statistically different between the two groups. Then we elaborated a xenogenic model of CRC tumor growth in immunodeficient NSG mice using different types of implantation sites and cellular or tissular preparations. Then we monitored the growth with bioluminescence camera, before and after chemiotherapy.PARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Liderazgo personal en el crecimiento de la organización

Tesis (Ingeniería Comercial)Todas las personas desde que nacen y durante el desarrollo de su vida se desenvuelven en organizaciones, la familia, la religión, el jardín infantil, el colegio, la universidad, el trabajo, todas organizaciones en las que participa una persona. Por esto la importancia de analizar las organizaciones construidas para lograr un pr0Jó5it0 definido como factor primordial dentro del desarrollo del mercado. En la actualidad, nos encontramos con un mercado cada vez más competitivo y exigente. La rapidez con que avanzan tanto las tecnologías como las comunicaciones dentro del mercado ha obligado a las organizaciones a crear y realizar estrategias altamente efectivas que les permita mantener la vigencia de sus productos. Por lo tanto, dentro de una organización se ha tornado en algo primordial asumir el mejoramiento de los productos, adoptar análisis de costos y por último de publicidad, la que actualmente juega un rol fundamental frente al consumidor. El fracaso o éxito de estas organizaciones depende en la actualidad de los criterios ' decisiones que se adopten directamente por quienes las dirigen y lideran. Es por esto que el liderazgo dentro de las organizaciones ha pasado a ser un factor muy importante en su desempeño. La capacidad de liderar y dirigir implica hoy en día una serie de requisitos que debe cumplir cualquier persona que tenga un grupo de personas a su cargo dentro de una organización, quien dependiendo de su destreza y aprovechamiento de los recursos humanos lograra un cierto posicionamiento y reconocimiento dentro del mercado. Actualmente dentro del mercado existen múltiples alianzas tanto en el mercado financiero como en empresas de retail, cuya estrategia ha sido la diversificación de rubros, ya sea a través de alianzas, fusiones o adquisiciones. Una de las grandes empresas que ha dado que hablar es Cencosud, considerada en el año 2005 como la empresa más grande de retail, luego de la adquisición de Almacenes Paris, actualmente "Paris"

Waste reduction activities and options for a nuclear powered electrical generating station /

Shipping list no.: 92-0567-P."EPA/600/S-92/025.""Aug 1992."Caption title.Mode of access: Internet