Использование книги как средства воспитательного воздействия на заключенных в пенитенциарной системе Западной Сибири (вторая половина ХIХ - начало ХХ в.)

Historical experience of education by the means of books, known as culture of reading, started being weakened in “the age of Internet”. Novelty of the article is in the described process of impact of the book on criminals in the territory of Western Siberia considered through the cultural, historical and psychological aspects. With the use of previously unknown archival materials there are revealed the cure methods of the condemned by using the book, and the relationship to the prison literature of the political prisoners. The personality of prisoners differed by a set of moral qualities, but almost all of them were ready to the perception of people around and themselves through the literature. Illiteracy was the main obstacle in education of the condemned, but the administration of prisons opened prison schools and organized reading literature aloud. The first prison libraries appeared in the 1860-ies and were replenished generally at the expense of philanthropists. F.M. Dostoyevsky’s novels “Crime and Punishment” and “Notes from the Dead House”, fairy tales and poems by A.S. Pushkin were the most popular books: they filled life with romanticism and were a compensation factor. Political prisoners denied any educational methods, preferring to read revolutionary literature. It is impossible to track extent of impact of book on the process of correction of criminals, but it is possible to claim that libraries started forming the atmosphere of book which is the most important condition of education in prisons, and is a necessary prerequisite for correction of a convicted person.В статье с использованием неизвестных ранее архивных материалов раскрываются методы исправления уголовного сообщества западносибирских тюрем с помощью книги, а также отношение к тюремной литературе политических заключенных. Личности уголовных осужденных отличались по набору морально-нравственных качеств, но большинство было готово к восприятию окружающих и себя через мир литературы. Основным препятствием в воспитании осужденных являлась их поголовная неграмотность, для решения этой проблемы открывались тюремные школы, практиковались такие меры, как «тюремные чтения» и театральные постановки. Первые тюремные библиотеки появились в 1860-х гг. и пополнялись в основном за счет благотворителей. Наиболее популярными книгами считались романы Ф.М. Достоевского, сказки и стихотворения А.С. Пушкина. Политические заключенные отвергали любые воспитательные методы, предпочитая чтение революционной литературы. Источники не позволяют проследить, являлось ли чтение эффективной воспитательной мерой, но библиотеки формировали в тюрьмах атмосферу книги, что выступает необходимой предпосылкой для исправления личности осужденных

Special features of the surface layer structure of ferritic-martensitic EP-823-Sh steel after prolonged exposure to the flowing lead at 630 °C under low oxygen concentration

The microstructure, the phase and elemental compositions of the surface and near-surface layers of the EP-823-Sh reactor 12 % chromium ferritic-martensitic steel after holding in an oxygen-containing (C[o] = (4–8) × 10−7 wt. %) molten lead flow at 630 °C for 2500 h are investigated. As a result of the liquid lead interaction with the steel samples, an oxide film from 250 nm to 18 μm is formed on their surfaces. It is a layer of Fe-Cr spinel enriched in Si and Mn. An internal oxidation zone of steel with a thickness of 4–10 μm is found under the scale layer. In the internal oxidation zone, both inside the matrix grains and along their boundaries, oxide particles (Cr, Si, Mn)2 O3 and Fe3 O4 with sizes up to 50 nm are observed. Below this zone, a matrix layer depleted in chromium (with a thickness of ≤ 15 μm) is located. The features of the oxidation zone structure are discussed, the role of alloying elements is determined (identified and validated), and a possible mechanism for the formation of such a zone is proposed

An Overview of Vibration Analysis Techniques for the Fault Diagnostics of Rolling Bearings in Machinery

The perfection of methods and means of nondestructive testing and technical diagnostics is determined by the level of development of science and modern industrial technologies. The desire to develop technologies determines the extent and degree to which the monitoring of the state of substances, materials, products—and now the state of the natural environment—are becoming increasingly relevant. The methods and means of condition monitoring and the diagnostics of rolling bearings have been in development for more than 60 years. Despite some successes, however, there is currently no information concerning the veracity of means to completely resolve the bearing diagnostics problem. This paper provides a fairly brief overview of methods and means for monitoring the condition and diagnosis of rolling bearings and also describes one of the newest trends in this field—the analysis of the properties of the characteristic function of vibroacoustic (VA) signals in order to determine the condition of the objects of control and, in particular, rolling bearings. It is shown that the magnitude of the module and the area of the characteristic function of the VA signal are very effective criteria for assessing the technical condition of a rolling bearing

Article Extraordinary Genetic Diversity in a Wood Decay Mushroom

Abstract Populations of different species vary in the amounts of genetic diversity they possess. Nucleotide diversity , the fraction of nucleotides that are different between two randomly chosen genotypes, has been known to range in eukaryotes between 0.0001 in Lynx lynx and 0.16 in Caenorhabditis brenneri. Here, we report the results of a comparative analysis of 24 haploid genotypes (12 from the United States and 12 from European Russia) of a split-gill fungus Schizophyllum commune. The diversity at synonymous sites is 0.20 in the American population of S. commune and 0.13 in the Russian population. This exceptionally high level of nucleotide diversity also leads to extreme amino acid diversity of proteincoding genes. Using whole-genome resequencing of 2 parental and 17 offspring haploid genotypes, we estimate that the mutation rate in S. commune is high, at 2.0 Â 10 À8 (95% CI: 1.1 Â 10 À8 to 4.1 Â 10 À8 ) per nucleotide per generation. Therefore, the high diversity of S. commune is primarily determined by its elevated mutation rate, although high effective population size likely also plays a role. Small genome size, ease of cultivation and completion of the life cycle in the laboratory, free-living haploid life stages and exceptionally high variability of S. commune make it a promising model organism for population, quantitative, and evolutionary genetics

Mosquito genomics. Highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes.

Variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among Anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history. To investigate the genomic basis of vectorial capacity and explore new avenues for vector control, we sequenced the genomes of 16 anopheline mosquito species from diverse locations spanning ~100 million years of evolution. Comparative analyses show faster rates of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the X chromosome, and more intron losses, relative to Drosophila. Some determinants of vectorial capacity, such as chemosensory genes, do not show elevated turnover but instead diversify through protein-sequence changes. This dynamism of anopheline genes and genomes may contribute to their flexible capacity to take advantage of new ecological niches, including adapting to humans as primary hosts