Lack of effect of high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate meal intake on stress-related mood and eating behavior

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Consumption of meals with different macronutrients, especially high in carbohydrates, may influence stress-related eating behavior. We aimed to investigate whether consumption of high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate meals influences stress-related mood, food reward, i.e. 'liking' and 'wanting', and post-meal energy intake.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Participants (n = 38, 19m/19f, age = 25 ± 9 y, BMI = 25.0 ± 3.3 kg/m²) came to the university four times, fasted, once for a stress session receiving a high-protein meal, once for a rest session receiving a high-protein meal, once for a stress session receiving a high-carbohydrate meal and once for a rest session receiving a high-carbohydrate meal (randomized cross-over design). The high-protein and high-carbohydrate test meals (energy percentage protein/carbohydrate/fat 65/5/30 vs. 6/64/30) matched for energy density (4 kJ/g) and daily energy requirements (30%). Stress was induced using an ego-threatening test. Pre- and post-meal 'liking' and 'wanting' (for bread, filling, drinks, dessert, snacks, stationery (non-food alternative as control)) was measured by means of a computer test. Following the post-meal 'wanting' measurement, participants received and consumed their wanted food items (post-meal energy intake). Appetite profile (visual analogue scales), mood state (Profile Of Mood State and State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires), and post-meal energy intake were measured.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Participants showed increased feelings of depression and anxiety during stress (P < 0.01). Consumption of the test meal decreased hunger, increased satiety, decreased 'liking' of bread and filling, and increased 'liking' of placebo and drinks (P < 0.0001). Food 'wanting' decreased pre- to post-meal (P < 0.0001). The high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate test meal induced lower subsequent 'wanting' and energy intake (1.7 ± 0.3 MJ vs. 2.5 ± 0.4 MJ) only in individuals characterized by disinhibited eating behavior (factor 2 Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, n = 16), during rest (P ≤ 0.01). This reduction in 'wanting' and energy intake following the high-protein meal disappeared during stress.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Consumption of a high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate meal appears to have limited impact on stress-related eating behavior. Only participants with high disinhibition showed decreased subsequent 'wanting' and energy intake during rest; this effect disappeared under stress. Acute stress overruled effects of consumption of high-protein foods.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>The study was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (<a href="http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2040">NTR1904</a>). The protocol described here in this study deviates from the trial protocol approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Maastricht University as it comprises only a part of the approved trial protocol.</p

Remembering the First Crusade: Latin Narrative Histories 1099-c.1300

The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. The focus will be on Latin histories of the First Crusade, especially those written in England and France, which produced the greatest number of narratives. Those written in the Levant, the subject of these histories, will also be discussed, as well as texts written in the Empire and in Italy

Total energy expenditure, components of energy expenditure, energy intake, substrate oxidation and mean RQ during the four conditions (n = 15).

*<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%CAPS, ** p<0.01 compared to 100%CAPS.</p>#<p>p<0.05 compared to 100%Control, ^## p<0.01 compared to 100%Control.</p><p>EI: Energy intake; EB: Energy balance; TEE: Total energy expenditure; REE: Resting energy expenditure; SMR: Sleeping metabolic rate; DIT: Diet-induced thermogenesis; AEE: Activity-induced energy expenditure; RQ: Respiratory quotient.</p

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).

<p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements for the conditions 100%CAPS, 100%Control, 75%CAPS and 75%Control as measured 15 minutes before the meals (n = 15).</p

Flow diagram (CONSORT).

<p>Flow diagram (CONSORT).</p

Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).

<p>Macronutrient balances for 100%CAPS (black), 100%Control (light grey), 75%CAPS (dark grey) and 75%Control (white) conditions in fifteen subjects (seven female and eight male).</p

Flow diagram (CONSORT).

<p>Flow diagram (CONSORT).</p

Relationship between REM sleep during the 2^nd part of the night and cortisol concentrations in response to lunch (nmol/L) during phase delay.

<p>R²=0.334, P<0.05, n=13 (A). Relationship between REM sleep during the 2^nd part of the night and fasting insulin concentrations (mU/L) during phase delay. R²=0.374, P<0.05, n=13 (B). Relationship between REM sleep during the 2^nd part of the night and HOMA-IR index (mU/L x mmol/L) during phase delay. R²=0.382, P<0.05, n=13 (C).</p

Study design.

<p>The black bars represent the sleep episodes and the white bars represent the wake episodes. Blood sampling times, saliva-sampling times are indicated as respectively B and S. ↓indicates meal times.</p