34 research outputs found
An analysis of palliative care development in Africa: a ranking based on region-specific macro-indicators
CONTEXT:
To date, there is no study comparing palliative care (PC) development among African countries.
OBJECTIVE:
To analyze comparatively PC development in African countries based on region-specific indicators.
METHODS:
Data were obtained from the APCA Atlas of PC in Africa and a comparative analysis conducted. Nineteen indicators were developed and defined through qualitative interviews with African PC experts and a two-round modified Delphi consensus process with international experts on global PC indicators. Indicators were grouped by the WHO public health strategy for PC dimensions. These indicators were then sent as a survey to key informants in 52/54 African countries. Through an expert weighting process and ratings from the modified Delphi, weights were assigned to each indicator.
RESULTS:
Surveys were received from 89% (48/54) of African countries. The top three countries in overall PC development were, in order, Uganda, South Africa, and Kenya. Variability existed by dimension. The top three countries in specialized services were Uganda, South Africa, and Nigeria; in policies, it was Botswana followed by parity among Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Swaziland; in medicines, it was Swaziland, South Africa, then Malawi; in education, it was equivalent between Uganda and Kenya, then Ghana and Zambia.
CONCLUSION:
Uganda, South Africa, and Kenya are the highest performing countries and were the only ones with composite scores greater than 0.5 (50%). However, not one country universally supersedes all others across all four PC dimensions. The breakdown of rankings by dimension highlights where even high-performing African countries can focus their efforts to further PC development
APCA Atlas of Palliative Care in Africa
BACKGROUND
Since Wright & Clark’s book on palliative care in Africa in 2006, there
has not been a comprehensive overview describing the state of palliative
care development in African countries.
AIMS
To describe the current state of palliative care (PC) development in
Africa according to the WHO’s Public Health Strategy for integrating
PC: policies, availability and access to medicines, education, and
service provision.
METHODS
Qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 Country Experts
(March-August 2016). From those interviews, 367 indicators were
derived, 130 after exclusion criteria and content analysis were performed.
The Country Experts rated the indicators for validity & feasibility,
a 14-member international committee of experts participated
in a two-round modified UCLA-RAND Delphi consensus, and the
co-authors (November-December 2016) ranked the indicators. The
final 19 indicators were further defined and sent to 66 Key Country
Informants from 51 African countries (January-March 2017). RESULTS
Surveys were received from 89% (48/54) of African countries. Uganda,
South Africa, and Kenya have the highest number of specialised
hospice and PC services (71% of identified PC services); 19% (9/48)
have no identified hospice and PC services. 22% (12/48) indicated
having stand-alone PC policies, and 42% (20/48) reported having
a dedicated person for PC in the Ministry. Zambia, Uganda, South
Africa, Kenya, Ghana, and Egypt reported some official form of physician
accreditation. Opioid consumption per capita was low (75%
countries had <1 mg consumption/capita/year) compared to the
global average (43mg/capita/year), with highest consumption in
Mauritius, South Africa, Namibia, and Morocco. 54% (26/48) reported
having a national PC association.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that there is limited PC development in Africa,
but there is also a significant improvement in the number of countries
with hospice and PC services, compared to previous reports.
Improvements in advocacy were identified, with more than half of
countries reporting a national PC association. Governments need to
take the steps to improve education, increase the number of services,
and ensure safe access to opioids
Community-Oriented Policing in a Multicultural Milieu: The Case of Loitering and Disorderly Conduct in East Arlington, Texas
Characterization of Chihuahuan desert vegetation phenology using high temporal resolution satellite imagery
APCA Atlas of Palliative Care in Africa
BACKGROUND
Since Wright & Clark’s book on palliative care in Africa in 2006, there
has not been a comprehensive overview describing the state of palliative
care development in African countries.
AIMS
To describe the current state of palliative care (PC) development in
Africa according to the WHO’s Public Health Strategy for integrating
PC: policies, availability and access to medicines, education, and
service provision.
METHODS
Qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 Country Experts
(March-August 2016). From those interviews, 367 indicators were
derived, 130 after exclusion criteria and content analysis were performed.
The Country Experts rated the indicators for validity & feasibility,
a 14-member international committee of experts participated
in a two-round modified UCLA-RAND Delphi consensus, and the
co-authors (November-December 2016) ranked the indicators. The
final 19 indicators were further defined and sent to 66 Key Country
Informants from 51 African countries (January-March 2017). RESULTS
Surveys were received from 89% (48/54) of African countries. Uganda,
South Africa, and Kenya have the highest number of specialised
hospice and PC services (71% of identified PC services); 19% (9/48)
have no identified hospice and PC services. 22% (12/48) indicated
having stand-alone PC policies, and 42% (20/48) reported having
a dedicated person for PC in the Ministry. Zambia, Uganda, South
Africa, Kenya, Ghana, and Egypt reported some official form of physician
accreditation. Opioid consumption per capita was low (75%
countries had <1 mg consumption/capita/year) compared to the
global average (43mg/capita/year), with highest consumption in
Mauritius, South Africa, Namibia, and Morocco. 54% (26/48) reported
having a national PC association.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that there is limited PC development in Africa,
but there is also a significant improvement in the number of countries
with hospice and PC services, compared to previous reports.
Improvements in advocacy were identified, with more than half of
countries reporting a national PC association. Governments need to
take the steps to improve education, increase the number of services,
and ensure safe access to opioids
The association between stress, coping, and sexual risk behaviors over 24 months among African-American female adolescents
Effects of a weight loss program on body composition and the metabolic profile in obese postmenopausal women displaying various obesity phenotypes: a MONET group study
Economic Feasibility of No‐Tillage and Manure for Soil Carbon Sequestration in Corn Production in Northeastern Kansas
Reflections on frequently used viscoplastic constitutive models
The constitutive problems of plasticity and viscoplasticity are considered in detail via an internal variable formulation. The treatment is set within the framework of the generalized standard material model and exploits the appropriate mathematical tools of convex analysis and subdifferential calculus. Furthermore two frequently used viscoplastic constitutive models are analyzed, the Perzyna viscoplastic model and the Duvaut-Lions viscoplastic model. In the existing literature these two models are frequently used as alternatives. In the sequel interesting relations between them are outlined and it is shown that, under particular hypotheses, the Duvaut-Lions model may be regarded as derived from the Perzyna model