185 research outputs found
The Ionizing Radiation Interaction with Matter, the X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging, the Nuclear Medicine SPECT, PET and PET-CT Tomography Imaging
The mechanism of the ionizing radiation interaction with matter is described for heavy charged particles, electrons and photons. Those effects causing energy loss of the radiation with sequential effects of absorption or attenuation are presented. The features of some characteristic detector systems with the relative electronics and the data acquisition system (DAQ) are presented. Those detectors are related with the medical imaging sensor systems. The characteristics of the medical imaging process of the X-ray and nuclear imaging with SPECT, PET and the combination of PET-CT are presented. The computed X-ray tomography, called CT, and the nuclear medicine tomography are presented, implementing the most of the previous parts, as they are defined in PET and SPECT imaging plus the combination of PET with CT the PET-CT
Development and diffusion of building-integrated photovoltaics: analysing innovation dynamics in multi-sectoral technologies
The ongoing transformation of the energy system along a more sustainable trajectory
requires advancements in a range of technological fields, as well as active involvement
of different societal groups. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the built
environment in particular is expected to play a crucial long-term role in the deployment
of renewable energy technologies in urban areas, demanding the successful cooperation of
planners, architects, engineers, scientists and users. The realisation of that technological
change will require innovation at both an individual (within firms and organisations)
and a collective (sector) level, giving rise to systemic approaches for its characterisation
and analysis of its drivers.
This study investigates the processes that either accelerate or hinder the development
and diffusion of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications into the market. Affected
by developments in both the renewable energy and construction industries, the BIPV
innovation system is a multi-sectoral case that has been explored only partially up to
now. Acknowledging the fact that drivers of innovation span the globalised BIPV supply
chain, this research adopts both an international and a national spatial perspective
focusing on the UK.
The analysis is based on a novel analytical framework which was developed in order
to capture innovation dynamics at different levels, including technological advancements
within firms, competition and synergy with other emerging and established innovation
systems and pressures from the wider socio-economic configuration. This hybrid
functional framework was conceived by combining elements from three academic strands:
Technological Innovation Systems, the Multi-Level Perspective and Business Studies.
The empirical research is based on various methods, including desktop research, semi-structured
interviews and in-depth firm-level case studies. A thorough market assessment
provides the techno-economic background for the research. The hybrid framework is
used as a guide throughout the empirical investigation and is also implemented in the
analytical part of the study to organise and interpret the findings, in order to assess the
overall functionality of the innovation system.
The analysis has underlined a range of processes that affect the development and
diffusion of BIPV applications including inherent technological characteristics, societal
factors and wider transitions within the energy and construction sectors. Future
approaches for the assessment and governance of BIPV innovation will need to address
its hybrid character and disruptiveness with regards to incumbent configurations, in
order to appreciate its significance over the short and long term.
Methodological and conceptual findings show that the combination of insights from
different analytical perspectives offers a broader understanding of the processes affecting
innovation dynamics in emerging technologies. Different approaches can be used in
tandem to overcome methodological weaknesses, provide different analytical perspectives
and assess the performance of complex innovation systems, which may span multiple
countries and sectors. By better reflecting complexities, tensions and synergies, the
framework developed here offers a promising way forward for the analysis of emerging
sustainable technologies
Study of Tau-pair Production in Photon-Photon Collisions at LEP and Limits on the Anomalous Electromagnetic Moments of the Tau Lepton
Tau-pair production in the process e+e- -> e+e-tau+tau- was studied using
data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP2 during the years 1997 - 2000.
The corresponding integrated luminosity is 650 pb^{-1}. The values of the
cross-section obtained are found to be in agreement with QED predictions.
Limits on the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the tau lepton
are deduced.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.
Energy dependence of Cronin momentum in saturation model for and collisions
We calculate dependence of Cronin momentum for and
collisions in saturation model. We show that this dependence is consistent with
expectation from formula which was obtained using simple dimentional
consideration. This can be used to test validity of saturation model (and
distinguish among its variants) and measure dependence of saturation
momentum from experimental data.Comment: LaTeX2e, 12 pages, 8 figure
CP asymmetry in in a general two-Higgs-doublet model with fourth-generation quarks
We discuss the time-dependent CP asymmetry of decay in an
extension of the Standard Model with both two Higgs doublets and additional
fourth-generation quarks. We show that although the Standard Model with
two-Higgs-doublet and the Standard model with fourth generation quarks alone
are not likely to largely change the effective from the decay of
, the model with both additional Higgs doublet and
fourth-generation quarks can easily account for the possible large negative
value of without conflicting with other experimental
constraints. In this model, additional large CP violating effects may arise
from the flavor changing Yukawa interactions between neutral Higgs bosons and
the heavy fourth generation down type quark, which can modify the QCD penguin
contributions. With the constraints obtained from processes
such as and , this model can lead to the
effective to be as large as in the CP asymmetry of .Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, references added, to appear in Eur.Phys.J.
A Precise Measurement of the Tau Lifetime
The tau lepton lifetime has been measured with the e+e- -> tau+tau- events
collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP in the years 1991-1995. Three different
methods have been exploited, using both one-prong and three-prong tau decay
channels. Two measurements have been made using events in which both taus decay
to a single charged particle. Combining these measurements gave tau_tau (1
prong) = 291.8 +/- 2.3 (stat) +/- 1.5 (sys) fs. A third measurement using taus
which decayed to three charged particles yielded tau_tau (3 prong) = 288.6 +/-
2.4 (stat) +/- 1.3 (sys) fs. These were combined with previous DELPHI results
to measure the tau lifetime, using the full LEP1 data sample, to be tau_tau =
290.9 +/- 1.4 (stat) +/- 1.0 (sys) fs.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figure
Search for composite and exotic fermions at LEP 2
A search for unstable heavy fermions with the DELPHI detector at LEP is
reported. Sequential and non-canonical leptons, as well as excited leptons and
quarks, are considered. The data analysed correspond to an integrated
luminosity of about 48 pb^{-1} at an e^+e^- centre-of-mass energy of 183 GeV
and about 20 pb^{-1} equally shared between the centre-of-mass energies of 172
GeV and 161 GeV. The search for pair-produced new leptons establishes 95%
confidence level mass limits in the region between 70 GeV/c^2 and 90 GeV/c^2,
depending on the channel. The search for singly produced excited leptons and
quarks establishes upper limits on the ratio of the coupling of the excited
fermio
Search for lightest neutralino and stau pair production in light gravitino scenarios with stau NLSP
Promptly decaying lightest neutralinos and long-lived staus are searched for
in the context of light gravitino scenarios. It is assumed that the stau is the
next to lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP) and that the lightest
neutralino is the next to NLSP (NNLSP). Data collected with the Delphi detector
at centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 183 \GeV are analysed. No evidence of
the production of these particles is found. Hence, lower mass limits for both
kinds of particles are set at 95% C.L.. The mass of gaugino-like neutralinos is
found to be greater than 71.5 GeV/c^2. In the search for long-lived stau,
masses less than 70.0 to 77.5 \GeVcc are excluded for gravitino masses from 10
to 150 \eVcc . Combining this search with the searches for stable heavy leptons
and Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model staus a lower limit of 68.5 \GeVcc
may be set for the stau mas
Measurement of the Tau Lepton Polarisation at LEP2
A first measurement of the average polarisation P_tau of tau leptons produced in e+e- annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value P_tau = -0.164 +/- 0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV.A first measurement of the average polarisation Pτ of tau leptons produced in e + e − annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value Pτ=−0.164±0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV.A first measurement of the average polarisation P_tau of tau leptons produced in e+e- annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value P_tau = -0.164 +/- 0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV
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