OCCURRENCE OF Subulura sp. MOLIN, 1860 IN Nyctidromus albicollis (GMELIN, 1789) IN THE STATE OF PIAUÍ, BRAZIL

As endoparasitoses são um dos problemas sanitários mais frequentes que afetam as aves silvestres locais e migratórias, podendo levar a infecções graves ou até mesmo a morte, estando diretamente relacionadas ao comportamento, desenvolvimento reprodutivo e nutrição. Este trabalho objetivou descrever a fauna parasitária de um indivíduo de bacurau (Nyctidromus albicollis) apreendido e recolhido pelo CETAS/IBAMA, estado do Piauí, Brasil, que veio a óbito em janeiro de 2015 e em seguida foi necropsiado. O procedimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Zoologia e Biologia Parasitária (ZOOBP) na Universidade Estadual do Piauí (UESPI). Os órgãos foram separados individualmente em placas de Petri contendo solução salina 0,85% de NaCl e examinados em microscópio estereoscópico.  Foram encontrados oito indivíduos de Nematoda, cinco machos e três fêmeas, provenientes do intestino grosso. Os helmintos encontrados foram fixados em álcool 70% quente segundo protocolo de Amato, clarificados com lactofenol de Aman e montados em lâminas temporárias para análise em microscópio de luz utilizando as objetivas de 10x, 40x e 100x. Os helmintos foram identificados por microscopia de luz como sendo Subulura sp. O gênero em questão pertence à superfamília Subuluroidea e à família Subuluridae, com espécies parasitos de aves. Trata-se do o primeiro relato da ocorrência do parasito do gênero Subulura em Nyctidromus albicollis no nordeste do Brasil.Palavras-chave: Parasitos, Aves Silvestres, Subulura.Endoparasites are one of the most frequent health problems affecting local and migratory wild birds, leading to serious infections or even death, extending to behavior, reproductive development and nutrition. This work aimed to describe the parasitic fauna of the Common Pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis), seized and collected by CETAS / IBAMA, state of Piauí, Brazil, which died in January 2015 and was necropsied. The procedure was performed at the Laboratory of Zoology and Parasitic Biology (ZOOBP) at the Piauí State University of Piauí (UESPI). The organs were individually separated in Petri dishes containing 0.85% NaCl saline and examined under a stereoscopic microscope. Eight Nematoda individuals, five males and three females, from the large intestine were found. The helminths were fixed in 70% hot alcohol according to Amato protocol, clarified with Aman lactophenol and mounted on temporary slides for light microscopy analysis using the 10x, 40x and 100x objectives. The helminths were identified by light microscopy as Subulura sp. The genus in question belongs to the Subuluroidea superfamily and to the family Subuluridae, which is known to parasite bird species. It seems to be the the first report of the occurrence of thes parasite genus Subulura in Common Pauraque in northeastern Brazil.Keyswords: Parasites; wild birds; Subulura

Socioenvironmental Factors Influencing Distribution and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for the 2030 Agenda

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are poverty-related diseases with high prevalence rates in developing countries. The present study aims to describe the epidemiological scenario of STHs in an urban population in the Brazilian Amazon. A cross-sectional survey (n = 349 children aged 1–15 years) was carried out to obtain faecal samples and sociodemographic and sanitation data. Among the children, 143 (41%) were positive for at least one STH. Prevalence rates of infections by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworms were 24.4%, 42.6%, and 9%, respectively. A logistic regression multivariate model showed that infection with A. lumbricoides is significantly more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–4.94; p=0.018) and the presence of latrines inside houses is a protection factor against ascariasis (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17–0.85; p=0.019). Positivity for T. trichiura is higher in the 5–10 (OR = 3.31; 95% IC = 1.85–5.89; p=0.001) and 11–15 age groups (OR = 3.16; 95% IC = 1.66–6.00; p=0.001), in children living in poor families (OR = 1.78; 95% IC = 1.01–3.14; p=0.045) and practicing open evacuation (OR = 2.07; 95% IC = 1.07–3.99; p=0.029). Hookworm infection is more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (OR = 6.70; 95% IC = 1.91–23.43; p=0.002), males (OR = 6.35; 95% IC = 2.00–20.14; p=0.002), and those living in stilt houses (OR = 3.52; 95% IC = 1.22–10.12; p=0.019). The use of albendazole in the last six months was a protection factor against hookworm infection (OR = 0.31; 95% IC = 0.10–0.96; p=0.042). The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe infections was 55.2%, 37.8%, and 7%, respectively, for A. lumbricoides, 72.4%, 24.3%, and 3.3% for T. trichiura, and 93.8%, 3.1%, and 3.1% for hookworms. Significantly higher worm burdens in T. trichiura and hookworm infections were associated with practicing open defecation and living in stilt houses. The data points to the need to improve sanitation infrastructure in Amazonian cities with similar sociodemographic and environmental characteristics

Interactions between malnutrition, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and poverty among children living in periurban communities in Maranhao State, Northeastern Brazil

Poverty, malnutrition and neglected tropical diseases such as soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) interact in a multi-causal feedback network. This study aimed to assess the relationships between STHs, income and nutritional status of children in impoverished communities in the city of Caxias, Maranhao State, Northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional survey (n=259 children) was carried out with the collection of fecal samples and assessment of sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary and sanitation data. Hookworm infection and ascariasis presented prevalence rates of 14.3% and 9.3%, respectively. The logistic regression analysis showed that hookworm infection was more frequent in males (odds ratio [OR]=3.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.45-8.08), children aged 11-15 years old (OR=3.72; 95% CI=1.19-11.62), children living in poor families (OR=2.44; 95% CI=1.04-5.68) and those living in rented houses (OR=5.74; 95%CI=1.91-17.25). Concerning ascariasis, living in the Caldeiroes community (OR=0.01; 95%CI=0-0.17) and belonging to the 11-15 years age group (OR=0.21; 95%CI=0.04-1.02) were protection factors. Poor children have a significantly lower frequency of consumption of meat, milk, vegetables, tubers and fruits than not poor children. The frequent consumption of meat, milk and tubers was associated with significant higher values in the parameter height-for-age, whereas the consumption of meat and milk positively influenced the weight-for-age. The frequencies of stunting, underweight and wasting were 8.1%, 4.9% and 2.9%, respectively. The multivariate model demonstrated that stunting was significantly associated with economic poverty (OR=2.82; 95%CI=1.03-7.70) and low weight was associated with male sex (OR=6.43; 95% CI=1.35-30.68). In conclusion, the study describes the interactions between the dimensions of development represented by income, STHs and nutritional status revealing the importance of raising income levels to improve the living conditions of families in impoverished communities in Northeastern Brazil