GLOBAL CURRENT TRENDS IN NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the world. There is no cure for diabetes. It is, therefore, essential to practice effective methods of the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes. With the increase in a number of newer drugs for diabetes, there is the possibility of a wide range of side effects that vary from one drug to another. Hence, the need to explore oral antidiabetic drugs of natural origin with minimal side effects is highly essential. This review provides a scientific perspective on the usage and research of natural and Indian traditional remedies in the management of diabetes while also providing insight into the advances in our understanding of diabetic pathology.Keywords: Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, Diabetic complications, Medicinal plant

ASSESSMENT OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION BRAHMI GRITHAM IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of Brahmi gritham a traditional Indian ayurvedic formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (55mg/kg body weight) in the experimental animals. The anti-hyperglycaemic potential of Brahmi gritham (500 mg/kg body weight) was studied by estimating the levels of plasma blood glucose and the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and albumin in the experimental rats. The serum renal functional (creatinine; urea; uric acid) and liver functional markers (aspartate transaminase; alanine transaminase; alkaline phosphatase) were also measured. The tested parameters were compared with those of the normal and the standard drug glibenclamide-treated rats. Histological analysis of the liver was done in order to visualize the efficacy of Brahmi gritham in preventing changes in liver histology in diabetic rats. Results: Brahmi gritham showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the elevated levels of plasma glucose, serum liver and renal function markers and total cholesterol. The formulation was also effective in restoring normal total protein and albumin levels in the serum of experimental rats. Conclusion: The study revealed significant antidiabetic potential of Brahmi gritham in the experimental rats indicating its role in the effective management of diabetes

A comparative computational approach on the most deleterious missense variant in Connexin 43 protein and its potent inhibitor analysis

Intercellular communication between the cell plays an essential role in cell growth and cell formation, including migration, metabolism, and cell differentiation. Cell function and tissue homeostasis are maintained through gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), thus regulating connexin hemichannels. Mis regulation of such connexin, especially connexin (Cx) 43, affects a comprehensive process, including cell differentiation, inflammation, and cell death. Mis regulation may be due to the missense variant in Cx43. Thus, we screened the complete set of mutations from public mutational databases and obtained 219 missense variants, which were then classified based on their pathogenicity, functional impact, stability, conservation, and physiochemical properties. Variant L214P was scrutinized to have the most deleterious, which was then modelled using the I-TASSER server and performed molecular docking analysis to screen potent inhibitors. The compound Kanamycin, Ginsenoside, and Astragaloside IV have better interactions with Cx43 mutant with a maximum of 5 hydrogen bonds. Ginsenoside is a compound that follows a Lipinski rule of five. Thus, the result obtained from this study suggests that Ginsenoside would be a better potent inhibitor for native and mutant Cx43

Supplementation of Madhuca longifolia Seed oil augments diclofenac-induced organ toxicities: A biochemical and histopathological approach

Diclofenac medication has been extensively used for anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic actions. Its abiding usage and overdose have induced toxicity and harmful effects on the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The research aims to scrutinize the protective effect of Madhuca longifolia seed oil against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. A period of 10 days of study was aimed at 7 groups; Group 1 was assigned as normal control. Group 2 has been administered diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w. /day, i.p.) only on the last two days of each study period. Group 3 and Group 4 have been pre-treated with 1 mL, and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil, respectively, and diclofenac was induced as per Group 2. Group 5 was treated with the standard drug silymarin and diclofenac. Group 6 and Group 7 were given 1 mL and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil alone. After the study period, parameters like liver enzyme markers, renal enzyme markers, and antioxidants were measured, and tissue samples were analyzed for histopathological changes. The results proved that pre-treatment of 1 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil has efficacy against diclofenac-induced toxicity

Protective Effect of Ricinus communis Leaves Extract on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats: Hepatoprotective effect of Ricinus communis leaves extract

Ricinus communis Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is a soft wooded tree widely prevalent throughout tropics regions of the world which have a warm temperature. In the Indian system of medicine, the leaves, roots and seed oil of this plant have been used for the treatment of inflammation and liver disorders for a long time. In the present study, the protective effects of ethanol extract of Ricinus communis L. leaves on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage were investigated in rats. Results were compared with those of silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective drug. It was found that an increase in the activities of serum transaminases and the level of liver lipid peroxidation, protein, glycogen and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase in liver induced by CCl4 were significantly inhibited by treatment with Ricinus communis ethanolic extract (250/500mg/kg b.wt). In addition, the depletion of glutathione level and adenosine triphosphatase activity observed in the CCl4-induced rat liver were effectively prevented by treatment with Ricinus communis ethanolic extract (250/500mg/kg b.wt). Histopathological examination further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of Ricinus communis ethanol extract when compared with the CCl4-induced control rats. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ethanol extract of Ricinus communis ethanolic extract exhibits hepatoprotective action

Amelioration of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by Withania somnifera pretreatment: Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress

AbstractThe present study investigated the possible protective role of Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal (Solanaceae) root powder against bromobenzene-induced oxidative damage in rat liver mitochondria. Administration of bromobenzene (10 mmol/kg body weight) to rats resulted in increased levels of liver marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-1β and VEGF. There was also marked depletion in the levels of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant activity. Pre-treatment with W. somnifera significantly decreased the levels of liver marker enzymes, TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF and ameliorated histopathological manifestations in bromobenzene-treated rats. The molecular docking analysis predicted that the pro-inflammatory mediator NF-κB showed significant interaction with selected various active components of W. somnifera (withaferin A, withanolide D and withanolide E). This study demonstrates a good protective effect of W. somnifera against bromobenzene-induced oxidative stress

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE SPIRULINA FUSIFORMIS AGAINST GALACTOSAMINE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN MICE

Objective:The present investigation was carried out to assess the protective properties of Spirulina fusiformis against galactosamine induced toxicity in swiss albino mice. Methods:Evaluation of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transferase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), antioxidant status and TNF-α was done and was compared with the standard reference drug silymarin. Results: Galactosamine injection significantly increased the levels of SGOT, SGPT, SBLN and TNF–α in the serum and caused depletion in the antioxidant status in the liver. Administration of Spirulina fusiformis altered these parameters and brought them to normal levels in the control and experimental mice. Conclusion:Hence results of this study clearly indicate that Spirulina fusiformis has hepatoprotective activity against galactosamine induced toxicity in mice. Keywords: Spirulina, antioxidant, galactosamine, hepatoprotective, silymari

Antioxidant mediated defensive potency of Caesalpinia bonducella nut on Acetaminophen-inebriated spleen and cardiotoxicity: Implications on oxidative stress and tissue morphology in an In vivo model

297-306Overdosing on medications can be unintentional or deliberate. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. APAP overdose can induce spleen and cardiotoxicity apart from hepatotoxicity. Bonduc nut is well-known for its medicinal and therapeutic properties. More scientific data is necessary to be therapeutically relevant. This study examined the effects of Bonduc nut extract (BNE) on APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. In vitro assays were carried out to analyze antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity in aqueous, ethanol, and methanol solvents in Bonduc nut powder. Total phenolic content, DPPH, catalase, and peroxidase activity were used to test antioxidant activity. The rats were euthanized after the study period to examine antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as lipid peroxidation and histopathology of the spleen and heart tissues. Results suggest that compared to other solvents aqueous has better Invitro antioxidant ability and the same extract significantly increased the antioxidant and reduced lipid peroxidation followed by restoring the tissue morphology in APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity. The outcome of the study revealed that aqueous BNE has a significant protective efficacy against APAP-induced spleen and cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rat

A comparative computational approach on the most deleterious missense variant in Connexin 43 protein and its potent inhibitor analysis

7-25Intercellular communication between the cell plays an essential role in cell growth and cell formation, including migration, metabolism, and cell differentiation. Cell function and tissue homeostasis are maintained through gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), thus regulating connexin hemichannels. Mis regulation of such connexin, especially connexin (Cx) 43, affects a comprehensive process, including cell differentiation, inflammation, and cell death. Mis regulation may be due to the missense variant in Cx43. Thus, we screened the complete set of mutations from public mutational databases and obtained 219 missense variants, which were then classified based on their pathogenicity, functional impact, stability, conservation, and physiochemical properties. Variant L214P was scrutinized to have the most deleterious, which was then modelled using the I-TASSER server and performed molecular docking analysis to screen potent inhibitors. The compound Kanamycin, Ginsenoside, and Astragaloside IV have better interactions with Cx43 mutant with a maximum of 5 hydrogen bonds. Ginsenoside is a compound that follows a Lipinski rule of five. Thus, the result obtained from this study suggests that Ginsenoside would be a better potent inhibitor for native and mutant Cx43

APPRAISAL OF THE IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF CADABA FRUTICOSA

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts of the medicinal plant C. fruticosa. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of the aqueous and methanolic extracts against different bacterial strains were determined by disc diffusion method and compared with that of the standard antibiotic cefotaxime. Determination of the reducing power and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were carried out on different concentrations of the methanolic extract in order to evaluate the antioxidant potential of C. fruticosa. The total phenolic content of the methanolic extract was measured. Results: The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was found to be lesser compared to that of the methanolic extract. The methanolic extract showed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: From the present study it is evident that the methanolic extract of the leaves of C. fruticosa possesses significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.   Keywords: Cadaba fruticosa, antimicrobial, antioxidant, DPPH assa