Types of scrambling in Korean syntax

This dissertation aims to deepen our understanding of free word order phenomena or "scrambling." It offers a unified approach to some fundamental limitations on scrambling both in clauses and in noun phrases of Korean. These would have been attributed to a headedness parameter in earlier syntactic theories but are problematic in more recent syntactic theories in the minimalist framework where such a parameter cannot be naturally stated. Korean scrambling has several limitations. It is blocked from preposing the verb. It does not commute noun phrases that bear the same Case, nor does it prepose the right member of a small clause. I argue that these descriptive generalizations follow from a single, elegant restriction: only semantically complete or 'saturated' constituents can scramble. My contention is that this restriction is part of Universal Grammar and should be an organizing principle of all natural languages. The universality of the restriction is challenged by scrambling phenomena in Turkish which have different properties than their Korean counterparts. This variation is explained by recognizing two types of scrambling distinguished by their landing site

Outward FDI does not necessarily cost domestic employment of MNEs at home: Evidence from Japanese MNEs

Outward FDI does not necessarily reduce domestic employment--it often boosts it. Evidence from Japanese MNEs show that they increase domestic employment in Japan when they conduct market-seeking, strategic asset-seeking, or efficiency-seeking FDI to expand domestic operations into foreign countries, and hence enhance their competitive advantages

Best Practices and Performance-Based HR System in Korea

The purpose of this paper is to review major changes in the HR system in Korea and to suggest five propositions that need to be studied for better understanding of the configuration of performance-based HR system in Korea. The HR system in Korea went through great transformations after the financial crisis in the late 1990s. The performance-based HR system, which many Korean companies currently claim to have, is thought to have originated from the notion of so-called best practices of leading U.S. companies. In the framework of best practices, there is one universal HR practice set that can be applied to any situations. Although Korea maintained much of its unique organizational culture and HR practices, Korea also modified its HR system after the best practices to a great extent. By understanding the similarities and differences between the performance-based HR system and best practices, we will be able to better understand the current Korean HR system. In this study we call for empirical work on the changing configuration of HR system in Korea. We suggest five propositions that will be crucial in understanding the similarities and differences between the performance-based HR system and best practices

Growth and Migration to a Third Country: The Case of Korean Migrants in Latin America

This paper examines the relationship between growth and migration with the case of Korean migrants in the Latin American region. It first shows the trends of economic growth and Korean migrants in Latin American countries and then empirically tests if the growth rate affects the number of Koreans in eighteen countries in Latin America. The regression results confirm that countries with higher economic growth attract more Koreans, notably from other countries in the region that experience lower growth. This analysis provides an interesting perspective in understanding determinants of migration, where economic growth has not been considered as an important factor yet

The effect of non-conventional outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) on the domestic employment of multinational enterprises (MNEs)

Using a sample of 787 Japanese MNEs operating in 60 countries from 1996 to 2010, this study examines the impacts of MNEs’ three most commonly observed forms of non-conventional outbound FDI (i.e., as a means to counter trade barriers, to achieve a financial hedge, or to obtain tax breaks) on domestic employment levels of MNEs at home. We build on a conceptual classification of ‘motivation-activity’ of MNEs as a theoretical framework, and evaluate the impacts of MNEs’ non-conventional outbound FDI on their domestic employment levels in relation to the MNEs’ specific combination of ‘motivation’ and ‘activity’ as they conduct outbound FDI in host countries. The 3SLS regression results show strong evidence that non-conventional outbound FDI in core business activities reduces MNEs’ domestic employment levels when the investment is primarily for responding to country-specific conditions, such as circumventing host country restrictions (e.g., FDI to counter trade barriers) or escaping from home country restrictions (e.g., FDI for tax incentive packages), while FDI in non-core business activities (e.g., FDI for financial hedging or FDI in tax havens) has either a positive or insignificant effect on MNEs’ domestic employment levels depending on whether it aims to develop FSAs or not. We conclude the study with public policy implications from these findings

Outbound Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Motivation and Domestic Employment by Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)

This study investigates whether and how outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) boosts or reduces domestic employment by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Based on analyses of a firm-level sample of 18,252 subsidiary-year cases of Japanese MNEs in 59 countries from 1996 to 2010, the findings indicate that outbound FDI motivated by (1) market seeking for scale and scope expansion, (2) natural resource seeking, or (3) strategic asset seeking tends to serve as a “strategic complement” that enhances domestic employment by MNEs. However, outbound FDI motivated by (4) market seeking associated with declines in domestic demand or (5) labor resource seeking tends to act as a “strategic substitute” that reduces domestic employment by MNEs. The implications for theory, practice, and policymaking are discussed

对外直接投资未必减少跨国公司在本国的就业水平： 日本跨国公司的案例

Outward FDI does not necessarily reduce domestic employment--it often boosts it. Evidence from Japanese MNEs show that they increase domestic employment in Japan when they conduct market-seeking, strategic asset-seeking, or efficiency-seeking FDI to expand domestic operations into foreign countries, and hence enhance their competitive advantages

Entrepreneurship across Time and Space: Empirical Evidence from Korea

This paper investigates the temporal and spatial dynamics of business start-up activities and their determinants. It integrates three perspectives in explaining regional variations of start-ups: (i) spatial heterogeneity that characterizes regional differences in promoting or conditioning start-up activities, (ii) temporal dependence that features a self-augmenting and self-reinforcing effect of start-up activities, and (iii) spatial dependence that portrays inter-regional interaction of start-up activities across proximate regions. A spatial dynamic panel modeling analysis of the determinants of new manufacturing ventures created in sub-national regions of South Korea confirms that, in addition to the importance of regional characteristics, both temporal and spatial dependences of start-up activities are simultaneously in force and play statistically significant roles. To address the joint endogeneity issue of temporal and spatial dependences, we employ the system GMM estimator, which leads to much improved explanation of inter-regional variations in firm creation activities

Association between the National Health Insurance coverage benefit extension policy and clinical outcomes of ventilated patients: a retrospective study

Background This study aimed to investigate the association between the Korean National Health Insurance coverage benefit extension policy and clinical outcomes of patients who were ventilated owing to various respiratory diseases. Methods Data from 515 patients (male, 69.7%; mean age, 69.8±12.1 years; in-hospital mortality rate, 28.3%) who were hospitalized in a respiratory intensive care unit were retrospectively analyzed over 5 years. Results Of total enrolled patients, 356 (69.1%) had one benefit items under this policy during their hospital stay. They had significantly higher medical expenditure (total: median, 23,683 vs. 12,742 U.S. dollars [USD], P<0.001), out-of-pocket (median, 5,932 vs. 4,081 USD; P<0.001), and a lower percentage of out-of-pocket medical expenditure relative to total medical expenditure (median, 26.0% vs. 32.2%; P<0.001). Patients without benefit items associated with higher in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 2.794; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.980–3.941; P<0.001). In analysis of patients with benefit items, patients with three items (“cancer,” “tuberculosis,” and “disability”) had significantly lower out-of-pocket medical expenditure (3,441 vs. 6,517 USD, P<0.001), and a lower percentage of out-of-pocket medical expenditure relative to total medical expenditure (17.2% vs. 27.7%, P<0.001). They were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (HR, 3.904; 95% CI, 2.533–6.039; P<0.001). Conclusions Our study showed patients with benefit items had more medical resources and associated improved in-hospital survival. Patients with the aforementioned three benefit items had lower out-of-pocket medical expenditure due to the implementation of this policy, but higher in-hospital mortality

Does Foreign Direct Investment Stimulate New Firm Creation? In Search of Spillovers through Industrial and Geographical Linkages

This paper examines the spillover effects of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) on the entrepreneurial activities of new firm creation through both industrial and geographical linkages. Using a dataset of 44,434 newly created small firms in 234 regions of South Korea in 2000–2004, this study finds that while the spillover impacts of FDI in the low-tech industry are positive and significant across almost all four possible combinations of the intra-/inter-regional and intra-/inter-sectoral channels, the impacts in the high-tech industry are largely intra-sectoral within the host region and across neighboring regions. Moreover, all statistically significant spillover effects follow an inverted ‘U’-shaped curvilinear trend