SAI-SIOS(ㅅ) : A MISTAKEN IDENTITY OF GEMINATION

Sai-sios (or Bindungs-S) has been mistakenly viewed as an epenthetic t (orthographically s) or n that is inserted between two nouns which constitute a compound. This paper documents evidence that (i) Sai-sios is one of numerous manifestations of a gemination rule which copies the initial consonant of the second noun in a compound, that (ii) the orthographic s (Le. Sai-sios) has caused hypercorrections and spelling pronunciations which have introduced some less natural or spontaneous pronunciations, and that (jjj) all Sai-sios phenomena can be accounted for by independently motivated and well-known phonological rules_ The identity of geminated consonants(as well as the rule of gemination) is obscured (and mistakenly identified as an epenthetic consonant) by the interaction of such well-known rules as obstruent neutralization, hardening (or tensification) and nasal assimilation, lateral nasalization, and cluster reduction (or degemination). Unlike the epenthesis analysis, the gemination analysis does not require a single extra rule or ad hoc device; furthermore the latter can account for other significant data that the former fails to accommodate

Double-Consonant Base Verbs in Korean

O. In a very interesting paper entitled 'On the regularity of the so-called irregular verbs 'in Korean', Kim (1968b) presents a forceful argument -for what he calls 'the principle of implosion' (see below). On the basis of this principle, Kim provides are analysis of some-verbs whose final consonant alternation in conjugation has been considered irregular. In developing his argumentation for the regularity of the consonant alternations in terms of the principle of implosion, Kim postulates 'voiceless obstruents' Wand R as the underlying root-final consonants for the so-called 'p-anomalous·'Verbs' and 't-anomalous verbs' respectively. Kim also argues that there are two underlying liquid phonemes, not just one as has been recognized in many traditional analyses of Korean phonology.l The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative solution in which I shall argue that the p-anomalous verbs and t-anomalous verbs as well as the irregular I-base verbs('L-doubling vowel bases', Martin 1954) do not have a single root-final consonant, but a cluster of two root-final consonants, no member of which is subject to 'absolute neutralization' (Kiparsky 1968) ras Kim's W and R are

Hong Bae Lee, "A Transformational Outline of Korean,"

Language Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, December, 1966 Language Research Center, Seoul National UniversitySince Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures was published a decade ago, the theory of transformational grammar has been applied to quite a few languages, mainly by young students of linguistics in writing their theses or dissertations. But there is no easy access to most of these works. Perhaps The Gram712T of English Nominalizations by Robert B. Lees has been most widely circulated and used as a model for writing grammars in the framework of transformational grammar

Athapaskan: a Structural Overview

In this structural overview, I will focus on the morphology with a brief discussion of phonology and syntax for the reason that Athapaskan, as a "polysynthetic" language, has a very complex morphological structure of the verb. In terms of the number of segments, Athapaskan is one of the richest in the inventory of the consonants, which include three series of obstruents (plain, aspirated, and glottalized). Particularly rich is the inventory of affricates, which include, for most Athapaskan languages, three sets (dental, lateral, and palatal). The major lexical categories include verbs, nouns, and postpositions. Minor categories include deictic-demonstratives, numerals, locatives, adverbials, etc. Nouns and postpositions are morphologically identical in that they inflect with the same set of personal prefixes, marking a possessor for nouns and object for postpositions. But nouns and postpositions are different syntactically because only nouns function as a subject or direct object, whereas postpositions play other syntactic functions often incorporated into the verb. The verb morphology is characterized by a complex prefix structure as well as stem variation marking not only tense /aspect I mode, but also such other features as number and what are known to be the characteristics of the so-called 'classificatory' verbs. Athapaskan verbs are known for more or less a dozen prefix positions, although not all of these positions are filled for a particular verb. The classificatory verb system, which includes half a dozen or more alternating stems, is the most interesting and intriguing morphosemantic characteristic of the Athapaskan language, which would be particularly interesting to interpreters and translators. The syntactic structures involving the third and fourth person pronominal prefixes have been the most lively theoretical issue. Athapaskan is a verb-final language and a verb alone often represents a sentence. Typically the subject noun phrase and verb phrase are the first and last constituents of the sentence where other constituents, e.g. adverb, a postpositional phrase (indirect object) and direct object noun phrase occur between these two constituents. Relative clause and direct I indirect discourse are the best known noun phrase and verb phrase complementations, whereas topicalization and extraposition are the two best known movement rules in Athapaskan.Au cours de ce survol structurel, je parlerai surtout de la morphologie et discuterai brièvement de la phonologie et de la syntaxe, parce que l'athapaskan, en tant que langue "polysynthétique", possède une structure morphologique du verbe très complexe. En terme de nombre de segments, l'athapaskan est une des langues les plus riches quant à son inventaire de consonnes, lequel inclut trois séries d'obstruants: ordinaire, aspiré et glottal. L'inventaire des affriquées est particulièrement riche, incluant entre autres, pour la majorité des langues athapaskanes, trois ensembles : dental, latéral et palatal. Les catégories majeures incluent les verbes, les noms et les postpositions. Les catégories mineures incluent, quant à elles, les démonstratifs, numéraux, locatifs, adverbiaux, etc. Les noms et les postpositions sont morphologiquement identiques, au sens où ils infléchissent le même groupe de préfixes personnels, marquant le possesseur pour les noms et, l'objet pour les postpositions. Mais les noms et les postpositions diffèrent au niveau syntaxique, parce que seulement les noms peuvent être sujet ou complément d'objet direct, alors que les postpositions jouent d'autres rôles syntaxiques, souvent incorporés au verbe. La morphologie du verbe est caractérisée par une structure complexe du préfixe, aussi bien que par une variation du radical indiquant non seulement le temps, l'aspect ou le mode, mais également d'autres particularités, comme le nombre et ce qui est reconnu comme étant la caractéristique des verbes surnommés verbes "classificatoires". Les verbes en athapaskan comptent environ une douzaine de positions "préfixes" ; cependant, chacune de ces positions n'est pas nécessairement comblée pour un verbe particulier. Le système du verbe classificatoire, qui inclut une demi-douzaine ou plus de radicaux alternatifs, est la caractéristique la plus intéressante et la plus intriguante, intéressante particulièrement pour les traducteurs et les interprètes. Les structures syntaxiques impliquant les préfixes pronominaux de la troisième et de la quatrième personne se sont avérés les enjeux théoriques les plus vivifiants. L'athapaskan est une langue à verbe final, et un verbe seul représente souvent une phrase complète. De façon typique, la locution-nom sujet et la locution-verbe sont les premiers et derniers constituants de la phrase dans laquelle, par exemple, l'adverbe, une locution postpositionnelle (le complément d'objet indirect) et la locution complément d'objet direct se retrouvent entre ces deux constituants. La clause relative et le discours direct-indirect sont les locutions-noms et les locutions-verbes compléments les mieux connus ; par contre, l'actualisation et l'extra-position sont les deux règles du mouvement les plus connues de l'athapaskan