RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) profiles of ten macaque species

Here, we report on the RAPD profiles of 61 individuals belonging to 10 macaque species. We used 23 different PCR primers on each sample and found an average of 17 bands per primer. The RAPD profiles appear to be highly reproducible because we found no differences in the amplification patterns produced by the DNA extracted from hair or blood. Strikingly, each species had a unique RAPD pattern homogeneously shared by all individuals. Comparisons between taxa showed that variability in the RAPD pattern was low, and the Sm index was below 0.601. Cluster analysis led to a division of the macaques into two main clusters: One with M. sylvanus and M. silenus and the other with M. arctoides, mulatta, fascicularis, nemestrina, tonkeana and fuscata. Macaca nigra and M. radiata were positioned outside of these clusters. Gene flow may explain the zoogeographic pattern present in the RAPD profiles. The lack of within-specie s variability suggests the operation of founder effects and strong genetic drift, which may have been particularly strong in the case of peripherally placed species such as M. radiata, fuscata and nigra. The position of M. tonkeana is divergent from all the commonly accepted taxonomic and phylogenetic schemes. This result suggests that the RAPD technique is not always able to reveal the "true" phylogenetic relationships within the genus Macaca. The nature of genetic variation uncovered by the RAPD method is still unclear, and prudence should guide inferences about nucleotide divergence, population structure and phylogeny based solely on RAPD markers

Sanctuaries and reintroduction: a role in gorilla conservation?

First paragraph: The current threats to gorilla (Gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei) populations, and indeed African wildlife in general, are complex and inextricably interlinked, and include poverty, human population growth, loss of habitat (through logging, mining, and land conversion), and hunting (Butynski, 2001; Teleki, 2001; Nellemann and Newton, 2002). Overexploitation of wildlife is not a new phenomenon and was probably responsible for the historical and ecological extinction of many species (Rao and McGowan, 2002). However, increasing urbanization and associated market economies, modern hunting methods and road networks, have commercialized the bushmeat trade (Kemf and Wilson, 1997; Bowen-Jones, 1998; Robinson and Bodmer, 1999; Wilkie and Carpenter, 1999; Fa et al., 2002; Nellemann and Newton, 2002). The general consensus seems to be that this trade is out of control, unsustainable, and accelerating (Ammann and Pearce, 1995; Kemf and Wilson, 1997; Butynski, 2001), and that gorillas are in danger of becoming extinct in the wild if causal factors are not effectively addressed (Butynski, 2001)