MARKET REFORMS VERSUS STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN RURAL CHINA

This paper adds to the debate on the impact of market reforms versus structural reforms in explaining agricultural output growth in China. A multiple-output stochastic frontier and a technical inefficiency equation are estimated using provincial data on the rural economy from 1986 to 1995. Grain self-sufficiency policies and incomplete market reforms in the 1980s and 1990s led to allocative inefficiency. Agricultural disinvestment shrunk the production frontier and the fragmentation of land holdings reduced technical efficiency. China's rural economic reform is far from being complete.Agricultural and Food Policy, O47, Q12, Q15,

Sulfonated 1,3-bis­(4-pyrid­yl)propane

In the title compound, 4-[3-(3-sulfonato­pyridin-1-ium-4-yl)prop­yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-sulfonate, C13H14N2O6S2, the mol­ecule is zwitterionic, with the sulfonic acid proton transfered to the basic pyridine N atom. Also, the structure adopts a butterfly-like conformation with the sulfonate groups on opposite sides of the ‘wings’. The dihedral angle between the two pyridinium rings is 83.56 (7)°, and this results in the mol­ecule having a chiral conformation and packing. There is strong inter­molecular hydrogen bonding between the pyridinium H and sulfonate O atoms of adjoining mol­ecules. In addition, there are weaker inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

THE IMPACTS OF SELF-SUFFICIENCY POLICIES AND FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN CHINA

This paper tests the hypotheses that grain self-sufficiency policies and fiscal decentralization result in inefficiency in grain production in China. Households supply grain in order to comply with self-sufficiency policies rather than to maximize profits. This raises the possibility that grain production is inefficient - especially where the opportunity costs are high (Turner, Brandt, and Rozelle). In addition, fiscal decentralization results in inefficiency in low-income provinces where the small A multiple output distance function is used to derive expressions for a stochastic production frontier and economic inefficiency. Provincial level data for grain and rural industrial output are used in the analysis and local fiscal expenditures and revenues are used as explanators of inefficiency. The expressions are estimated simultaneously using maximum likelihood techniques. The findings suggest that grain production in China could be made more efficient by: 1.) policies that encourage production according to comparative advantage rather than grain self-sufficiency and, 2.) fiscal reforms that increase the responsibility of the central government for agricultural investment

THE IMPACTS OF SELF-SUFFICIENCY POLICIES AND FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN CHINA

This paper tests the hypotheses that grain self-sufficiency policies and fiscal decentralization result in inefficiency in grain production in China. Households supply grain in order to comply with self-sufficiency policies rather than to maximize profits. This raises the possibility that grain production is inefficient - especially where the opportunity costs are high (Turner, Brandt, and Rozelle). In addition, fiscal decentralization results in inefficiency in low-income provinces where the small A multiple output distance function is used to derive expressions for a stochastic production frontier and economic inefficiency. Provincial level data for grain and rural industrial output are used in the analysis and local fiscal expenditures and revenues are used as explanators of inefficiency. The expressions are estimated simultaneously using maximum likelihood techniques. The findings suggest that grain production in China could be made more efficient by: 1.) policies that encourage production according to comparative advantage rather than grain self-sufficiency and, 2.) fiscal reforms that increase the responsibility of the central government for agricultural investment.China grain efficiency, Agricultural and Food Policy, Productivity Analysis,

MARKET REFORMS VERSUS STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN RURAL CHINA

This paper adds to the debate on the impact of market reforms versus structural reforms in explaining agricultural output growth in China. A multiple-output stochastic frontier and a technical inefficiency equation are estimated using provincial data on the rural economy from 1986 to 1995. Grain self-sufficiency policies and incomplete market reforms in the 1980s and 1990s led to allocative inefficiency. Agricultural disinvestment shrunk the production frontier and the fragmentation of land holdings reduced technical efficiency. China's rural economic reform is far from being complete