Combinatorial formulas for Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials with respect to W-graph ideals

In \cite{y1} Yin generalized the definition of $W$-graph ideal $E_J$ in weighted Coxeter groups and introduced the weighted Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials $\left \{ P_{x,y} \mid x,y\in E_J\right \}$, where $J$ is a subset of simple generators $S$. In this paper, we study the combinatorial formulas for those polynomials, which extend the results of Deodhar \cite{v3} and Tagawa \cite{h1}.Comment: 16 page

Paradiplomacy of Regions: Cases of Burgundy and Central Bohemia Region

Diploma thesis "Paradiplomacy of regions, cases of Burgundy and Central Bohemia Region" deals with "foreign policy of non-central actors" and the possibilities for regions how to enforce their interest on international level. Key research questions are: What makes regions act abroad, what are the reasons for activities abroad? What is the role of Europeanization and internationalization in the process of development of local actors involved in regional foreign activities? Who is engaged in formulation of regional interests and who is responsible for implementation of regional international strategy? Is there a broader consensus among regional actors on the way how to develop foreign activities? Is the main motor of activity local administration or private sphere? What are the possibilities for action on international level with regard to regional competencies? First, there are examined main features of foreign strategies of regions in question. Then we analyze tools developed for implementation of those strategies. How are the strategies implemented, are they successful? Finally we define main future challenges for action of regions abroad. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org

<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Studies for Assessing the Immune Response and Protection-Inducing Ability Conferred by <i>Fasciola hepatica</i>-Derived Synthetic Peptides Containing B- and T-Cell Epitopes

<div><p>Fasciolosis is considered the most widespread trematode disease affecting grazing animals around the world; it is currently recognised by the World Health Organisation as an emergent human pathogen. Triclabendazole is still the most effective drug against this disease; however, resistant strains have appeared and developing an effective vaccine against this disease has increasingly become a priority. Several bioinformatics tools were here used for predicting B- and T-cell epitopes according to the available data for <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> protein amino acid sequences. BALB/c mice were immunised with the synthetic peptides by using the ADAD vaccination system and several immune response parameters were measured (antibody titres, cytokine levels, T-cell populations) to evaluate their ability to elicit an immune response. Based on the immunogenicity results so obtained, seven peptides were selected to assess their protection-inducing ability against experimental infection with <i>F. hepatica</i> metacercariae. Twenty-four B- or T-epitope-containing peptides were predicted and chemically synthesised. Immunisation of mice with peptides so-called B1, B2, B5, B6, T14, T15 and T16 induced high levels of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a (p<0.05) and a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg immune response, according to IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 levels, accompanied by increased CD62L⁺ T-cell populations. A high level of protection was obtained in mice vaccinated with peptides B2, B5, B6 and T15 formulated in the ADAD vaccination system with the AA0029 immunomodulator. The bioinformatics approach used in the present study led to the identification of seven peptides as vaccine candidates against the infection caused by <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> (a liver-fluke trematode). However, vaccine efficacy must be evaluated in other host species, including those having veterinary importance.</p></div

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial against Fasciola hepatica: identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model

The antibody levels (IgG) in mice immunised with the synthetic peptides. An ELISA was performed to assess the success of the immunisation procedure. Sera samples were obtained two weeks after the last immunisation. (EPS 126 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S3. of Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial against Fasciola hepatica: identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model

Box plot showing the normalised unscaled standard error (NUSE) for each microarray. The non-immunised control group is shown in red whilst the immunised group (T14 + T15 + T16) is shown in blue. (EPS 184 kb

<i>F. hepatica</i> excretory/secretory antigen reactivity against hyper-immune sera from mice immunised with synthetic peptides containing B-cell epitopes as assessed by ELISA.

<p>A). B-cell peptides formulated with PAL. B). B-cell peptides formulated with AA0029.</p

Linear regression comparing the effect of PAL and AA0029 immunomodulators on IgG subtype levels.

<p>A). IgG1 related to IgG. B). IgG2a related to IgG. Red indicates the PAL immunomodulator and blue AA0029. Circles and squares represent B- and T-peptides, respectively.</p

Additional file 5: Table S2. of Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial against Fasciola hepatica: identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model

The table lists the number of genes differentially expressed as a direct result of the immunisation trial. Differential expression has been calculated in each microarray by using the robust microarray analysis algorithm and the significance analysis of microarrays method. Up-regulated genes are shown in red whilst down-regulated are shown in green. Table S3. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool was used for identifying the signalling pathways and their associated-genes differentially expressed by the immunisation trial. Up-regulation is shown in red whilst down-regulation is shown in green. Table S4. Biological functions and their associated genes differentially expressed by the immunisation trial were identified by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. Up-regulation is shown in red whilst down-regulation is shown in green. Table S5. Immunisation of mice with a combination of peptides containing T-cell epitopes led to the differential expression of 37 genes (p <0.05; fold change +/− 2). Up-regulation is shown in red whilst down-regulation is shown in green. (XLSX 257 kb

Boxplot showing IFN-γ cytokine levels in splenocyte mouse cell culture immunised with synthetic peptides.

<p>A). Mice immunised with PAL. B). Mice immunised with AA0029.</p

Boxplot showing IgG anti-peptide antibody levels in mice immunised with the synthetic peptides formulated in the ADAD vaccination system.

<p>The bottom and the top of the box indicate the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, respectively. A). Mice immunised using PAL. B). Mice immunised using AA0029.</p