Association of probiotics in lactation and nursery in piglets challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

O experimento associando probióticos no aleitamento e creche utilizou 144 leitões do nascimento até aos 62 dias de idade no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (FMVZ USP). No aleitamento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e na creche em blocos casualizados formando o esquema fatorial 2x3 com seis tratamentos. A unidade experimental no aleitamento foi a baia maternidade constituída de grade de parição e na creche gaiola suspensa com 3 animais cada, constituindo, 8 repetições por tratamento. Aos 35 dias de idade os animais da creche foram inoculados com cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Na maternidade os tratamentos foram: Placebo (PLA), 1mL de água destilada e Probiótico A (ProbA), 5g em 15mL de água destilada. O ProbA foi aplicado em duas ocasiões, ao nascimento e 12 horas antes do desafio e os animais que não receberam ProbA, receberam PLA. Os tratamentos na creche foram: Probiótico A Probiótico B (ProbA ProbB) 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Controle Probiótico B (CTL ProbB): 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Probiótico A Probiótico A(ProbA ProbA); Controle Controle (CTL CTL); Probiótico A Desafio (ProbA DES); Controle Desafio (CTL DES). As variáveis; peso, consumo, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, foram analisadas em medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes e o escore de fezes submetido à análise de variância pelo teste de Tukey. Foi utilizado o programa computacional Statistical Analysis System SAS. Na maternidade o peso médio do ProbA foi superior ao PLA, não observando-se diferenças no ganho de peso. Na creche o ProbA mostrou-se significativamente melhor em comparação aos demais tratamentos na conversão alimentar. No escore fezes, os animais desafiados apresentaram mais diarréia, e mais eliminação de S. Typhimurium, evidenciando o efeito positivo do desafio programado. A avaliação histológica aos 63 dias revelou aspecto similar nos diferentes grupos com e sem desafio. A eficiência econômica destacou o CTL ProbB.. O estudo indicou ação positiva dos probióticos quando aplicado logo ao nascimento, por influenciar diretamente na formação da microbiota intestinal, em fases mais adiantadas como na creche os efeitos são menos diretos.The experiment involving probiotics in lactation and nursery were used one hundred and forty four piglets were used from birth to 62 days of age at Swine Research Laboratory (USP FMVZ). In the lactation, the experimental design was randomized with two treatments and in the nursery were randomized blocks forming a 2x3 factorial, consisting of six treatments. The experimental unit considered was the pen with 3 animals, with 8 repetitions per treatment. At 35 days of age the nursery animals were inoculated with a Salmonella Typhimurium strain orally. The treatments in the maternity were: Placebo (PLA): 1mL of distilled water and Probiotic A (ProbA): 5g in 15ml of distilled water. The ProbA was applied twice, at birth and 12 hours before the challenge and the animals that received no ProbA, received PLA. At the nursery twelve hours before the challenge, the same group of piglets that received ProbA and PLA in the maternity, received reinforcement for ProbA and PLA. In the nursery: Probiotic A Probiotic B (ProbA ProbB): 30g/ton of diet; Control Probiotic B (ProbB CTL): 30g/ton of diet; Probiotic A probiotic A (ProbA probA) Control Control (CTL CTL) Probiotic Challenge (DES ProbA) Control Challenge (CTL DES).The variables analyzed were weight, consumption, weight gain and feed conversion. The variables were analyzed with repeated measures contrasts and fecal score variable was subjected to analysis of variance by Tukey test. We used the computer program Statistical Analysis System SAS. In maternity, ProbA was superior to PLA treatment and did not observe differences in weight gain. At nursery the ProbA ProbA was significantly better compared to the other treatments in feed conversion. In the feces score, challenged animals showed high scores and greater elimination of S. Typhimurium, showing the effects of the programmed challenge. Histological evaluation at 63 days showed similar appearance within different groups (challenged or not). Economic evaluation shows CTL ProbB. The study indicated positive action of probiotics applied shortly after birth, by directly influencing the formation of the intestinal tract and in nursery as the effects are less direct

Impact of nutritional strategies on cost management of pig manure

O estudo tem como objetivo propor método de avaliação de efeito econômico do manejo dos dejetos com a utilização de diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Especificamente, procura-se: i) Calcular as margens de comercialização para as diferentes estratégias nutricionais; ii)Avaliar o efeito econômico das diferentes estratégias nutricionais na excreção e aproveitamento de nutrientes pelos animais; iii) Valorar o consumo de água dos animais; iv) Valorar os dejetos gerados pelos suínos em relação ao seu potencial uso como fertilizante orgânico; v) Avaliar o impacto de cada estratégia nutricional sobre o custo do armazenamento (esterqueira) e uso dos dejetos, e sobre o seu tratamento por biodigestor e posterior utilização; vi) Avaliar a viabilidade econômica dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira. Os tratamentos a partir dos quais os dados foram obtidos são: T1: Dieta com nível alto de proteína bruta e suplementação mínima de aminoácidos (Dieta Controle); T2: T1 com redução do nível de proteína bruta, mediante a suplementação de lisina, metionina, treonina e triptofano industriais, considerando o conceito de proteína ideal; T3: T1 com a inclusão de 0, 010 (%/kg de dieta) fitase e redução dos teores de cálcio e fósforo da dieta; T4: T1 com a suplementação de 40% de minerais orgânicos (Cu, Zn e Mn) e 50% de minerais inorgânicos; T5: T1 combinando os tratamentos descritos anteriormente. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote computacional SAS, com nível de significância de 5%. As características de desempenho zootécnico, peso médio, consumo médio de ração, ganho médio de peso e conversão alimentar e as margens de comercialização não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos diferentes tratamentos e períodos. Os tratamentos T4 e T5 apresentaram melhor eficiência na utilização de nutriente e menor excreção dos nutrientes.Os tratamentos T5 e T4 apresentaram menor consumo e menor custo na valoração da água. A valoração dos dejetos foi favorável ao T1 com maior quantidade de NPK. Os tratamentos ambientalmente mais eficientes apresentaram menores custos na construção da esterqueira e biodigestor em ambos os materiais, PVC e PEAD; os mesmos tratamentos apresentaram menor potencial fertilizante; o caminhão com tanque de 15t apresentou menores custos no transporte e distribuição dos dejetos. Em todos os cenários avaliados dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira foram viáveis economicamente com payback de um ano. Os métodos ambientais propostos se mostraram válidos, pois foram capazes de identificar que dietas com maior aporte tecnológico apresentaram vantagens frente à dieta controle, entretanto economicamente o T1 apresentou maior quantidade na produção e consequente valoração de NPK.The study aims to propose economic effect evaluation method of manure management with the use of different nutritional strategies of growing and finishing pigs. Specifically, the objectives were: i) To calculate marketing margins for the different nutritional strategies; ii) To evaluate the economic effect of different nutritional strategies on excretion and utilization of nutrients by the animals; iii) Valuing water consumption of animals; iv) Valuing the waste generated by the pigs in relation to its potential use as organic fertilizer; v) Valuing the impact of each nutritional strategy on storage cost (composting) and use of waste products, and about their treatment by bio-digester and later use; and vi) Valuing the economic viability of the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting. The treatments from which data were collected were: T1: diet with high level of crude protein and minimum supplementation of amino acids (Control Diet); T2: Diet T1 with a reduction in the level of crude protein by supplementation of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan, assuring the industrial ideal protein of all essential amino acids; T3: T1 with the inclusion of 0.010 phytase (%/kg diet) and reduction of the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet; T4: T1 with 40% supplementation of organic minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) and 50% of inorganic minerals; T5: T1 combining the treatments described previously. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS computing package, with a significance level of 5%. The performance characteristics, average weight, average consumption of rations, average gain of weight and feed conversion and marketing margins showed no significant differences in the treatments and periods. The treatments T4 and T5 showed better efficiency in nutrient utilization and lower nutrient excretion. The T5 and T4 treatments showed lower consumption and lower cost at valuation of water. The valuation of the manure was favorable to T1 with largest amount of NPK. Environmentally efficient treatments showed lower costs in building the composting and biodigester in both materials, PVC and PEAD; the same treatments showed lower potential fertilizer; the tank truck 15 m3 presented lower costs in transportation and distribution of manure. In all scenarios evaluated the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting were economically viable with payback of one year. Environmental methods proposed were valid, because they were able to identify that diets with higher technological contribution presented advantages the control diet, however economically the T1 was more quantity in production and consequent valuation of NPK

Economic evaluation of cleaning and disinfection of facilities from broiler chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni

For a new management practice to be adopted in broiler production, it must be efficient and economically viable. Few studies have been conducted with the purpose of evaluating costs and revenues relative to cleaning and disinfection. Based on the need to show economic efficiency of these practices, we compared two cleaning and disinfection protocols. The first method is more detailed and developed in seven steps, whereas the second method is more simplified with three steps. The costs, estimated total revenue from poultry carcass sale, and gross margin of sale were calculated for each cleaning and disinfection program. As expected, the cost of executing the first protocol was greater than the second one. However, due to the positive influences of preventive procedures, such as cleaning and disinfection on broiler performance, it was hypothesized that the two protocols would have similar gross margins from the sale of chicken carcasses. This study demonstrates an increase in economic viability when invested in a more detailed and complete cleaning and disinfection protocol. From the results obtained with the present study, it is possible to demonstrate a greater profitability and economic feasibility when a more detailed cleaning and disinfection protocol was carried out, due to similarity of its gross margin from the sale of product compared with simplified protocol.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Phytogenic feed additives in piglets challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

The effects of phytogenic feed additives on piglet performance and fecal score (FDD), as well as on lipid oxidation of pork meat were evaluated. One hundred and twenty crossbred weaned piglets were randomly assigned to six treatments according to a 2 × 3 factorial design with five replicates per treatment. Factors were: challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium at 35 days of age or no challenge, and three different additives (control (CTR), basal diet; phytogenic feed additives (PHY), basal diet plus 2000 ppm of phytogenic feed additives - Rosmarinus officinalis, Mentha piperita, Lippia sidoides and Porophyllum ruderale; and antimicrobial agent (ATB), basal diet plus 100 ppm of tylosin, 2000 ppm of zinc and colistin sulfate, 30 ppm in the pre-starter basal diet, 10 ppm in the starter basal diet I and II, and 5 ppm in growth and finishing basal diet). Body weight (BW) of the piglets of ATB was greater throughout the experimental period, without any differences detected between CTR and PHY. Nevertheless, from 96 to 106 days of age, the BW of the CTR group was greater than PHY. From 21 to 34 days of age, feed conversion of ATB was lower than CTR; however, PHY showed an intermediate result, which did not differ from either ATB or CTR. Challenged animals reduced feed intake from day 35 to 48 compared with unchallenged animals. Piglet performance and fecal score from 21 to 48 days of age were lower in piglets that received ATB compared with the other treatments. However, from 35 to 48 days of age, the FDD of PHY was lower than CTR. Lipid oxidation was not reduced in treated animals. Antimicrobial agent improved the growth performance of piglets until 63 days of age, and no difference was observed between the treatments from 64 to 131 days of age. Antimicrobial agent reduced FDD; the FDD of PHY was similar to that of ATB after 48 days. None of the treatments affected lipid oxidation of pork meat

Organic selenium supplementation is cost-effective for increasing the number of seminal doses produced by sexually mature boars

<div><p>ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of supplementing boar diets with organic selenium aiming to increase the number of seminal doses of sexually mature boars. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: control group received 0.3 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), inorganic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), and organic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from Sel-PlexTM (Alltech, Inc., n = 4). The experiment was conducted within 10 weeks and analysis was performed fortnightly. No interaction was observed between treatments and weeks for any of the variables analyzed. Boars fed diet supplemented with 0.5 mg kg−1 of organic selenium exhibited a 23% increase in the seminal doses, which resulted in a 37% reduction in the cost of diet per dose produced by boars in this group compared with boars in the inorganic group. It should be pointed out that the total revenue produced by the organic group was 26% higher than the inorganic group. The feeding of organic Se increases the number of seminal doses and reduces the average cost of the diet, demonstrating to be cost-effective.</p></div

Organic selenium increases PHGPx, but does not affect quality sperm in raw boar semen

This study assessed the effects of feeding organic selenium (Se) on sperm morphology, motility, membrane integrity and lipidic peroxidation, also on sperm ATP and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in raw semen of mature boars. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: Control, 0.3 ppm sodium selenite, Inorganic, 0.5 ppm sodium selenite and Organic, 0.5 ppm Se yeast for 11 weeks. Organic diet presented a higher total sperm number (P<0.05) when compared to the inorganic treatment; however, no difference was observed regarding volume, sperm concentration, number of cells with plasma and/or acrosomal membrane integrity, membrane mitochondrial potential, ATP assay and Se concentration in seminal and blood content. Also, no difference was observed on motility parameters, sperm morphology and membrane peroxidation, however, PHGPx was influenced (P<0.05) in organic treatment. Thus organic Se feeding influenced none of the analyzed seminal characteristics in raw semen, except for PHGPx and total number of sperm.This research was supported by FAPESP (Grant numbers 07/55613-6 and 08/55059-1), Alltech Inc., Vet life Veterinary Products and Agroceres Multimix Nutrição Animal Ltda