The endocrine function of adipose tissue and its importance for initiation and development of insulin resistance and diabetes

Endocrine production of adipose tissue is a very complex process affected by numerous endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-alpha (PPAR-) are important modulators of metabolic processes which can also affect endocrine function of adipose tissue. Recently, numerous novel factors produced by adipose tissue with important metabolic effects were identified. Some of them can directly bind PPAR receptors. One of the examples of these factors is fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) which can directly bind PPAR receptors and indirectly modify its activation by changing availability of endogenous PPAR ligands -free fatty acids. We hypothesized that the mechanism of action of PPAR receptors to metabolic processes may partially lie in their complex interaction with adipose tissue-derived hormones. The unraveling of these interactions may have important consequences in finding approaches to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (...) In summary, our data show an important role for the interplay of PPAR activation and endocrine function of adipose tissue in metabolic regulations which may have important clinical consequences

The fold change (FC) induced by different TLR agonists, calculated from the area under the curve for <i>TSLP</i> in a time course over 8 hours in healthy and polyp derived airway epithelium.

<p>The value represents an average cumulative gene expression to the TLR agonists in epithelial cells isolated from 6 healthy controls and 5 polyps with a standard deviation. Statistical significance comparing the differences in cumulative gene expression levels between normal or polyp epithelium is indicated as <i>p</i> value.</p

The fold change (FC) induced by different TLR agonists, calculated from the area under the curve for the <i>IL6</i> gene expression in a time course over 8 hours in healthy and polyp derived airway epithelium.

<p>The value represents an average cumulative gene expression response to the TLR agonists in epithelial cells isolated from 6 healthy controls and 5 polyps with a standard deviation. Statistical significance comparing the differences in cumulative gene expression levels between normal or polyp epithelium is indicated as <i>p</i> value.</p

Baseline levels expression comparison of ATF-3, EGR-1, DUSP-1, and NFKB1 in healthy or polyp epithelium.

<p>Expression profiles were corrected for the expression of the housekeeping gene. The experiment was performed in a biological triplicate. Statistical significant differences in baseline expression between healthy and polyposis epithelium is indicated (*) if <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

The fold change (FC) induced by different TLR agonists, calculated from the area under the curve for <i>IL33</i>) in a time course over 8 hours in healthy and polyp derived airway epithelium.

<p>The value represents an average cumulative gene expression to the TLR agonists in epithelial cells isolated from 6 healthy controls and 5 polyps with a standard deviation. Statistical significance comparing the differences in cumulative gene expression levels between normal or polyp epithelium is indicated as <i>p</i> value.</p