Trichoderma atroviride PHR1, a Fungal Photolyase Responsible for DNA Repair, Autoregulates Its Own Photoinduction▿

The photolyases, DNA repair enzymes that use visible and long-wavelength UV light to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) created by short-wavelength UV, belong to the larger photolyase-cryptochrome gene family. Cryptochromes (UVA-blue light photoreceptors) lack repair activity, and sensory and regulatory roles have been defined for them in plants and animals. Evolutionary considerations indicate that cryptochromes diverged from CPD photolyases before the emergence of eukaryotes. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, some photolyases might have photosensory functions. phr1 codes for a class I CPD photolyase in Trichoderma atroviride. phr1 is rapidly induced by blue and UVA light, and its photoinduction requires functional blue light regulator (BLR) proteins, which are White Collar homologs in Trichoderma. Here we show that deletion of phr1 abolished photoreactivation of UVC (200 to 280 nm)-inhibited spores and thus that PHR1 is the main component of the photorepair system. The 2-kb 5′ upstream region of phr1, with putative light-regulated elements, confers blue light regulation on a reporter gene. To assess phr1 photosensory function, fluence response curves of this light-regulated promoter were tested in null mutant (Δphr1) strains. Photoinduction of the phr1 promoter in Δphr1 strains was >5-fold more sensitive to light than that in the wild type, whereas in PHR1-overexpressing lines the sensitivity to light increased about 2-fold. Our data suggest that PHR1 may regulate its expression in a light-dependent manner, perhaps through negative modulation of the BLR proteins. This is the first evidence for a regulatory role of photolyase, a role usually attributed to cryptochromes

Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma.

International audienceBackground: Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma.Results: Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei.Conclusions: The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants

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of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm

MOESM1 of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

Additional file 1: Comparative properties and gene inventory of T. reesei, T. virens and T. atroviride. This file contains additional information on genomic properties and selected gene families from the three Trichoderma species comprising 19 tables. Table S1 summarizes the satellite sequences identified in the Trichoderma genomes and four other fungal genomes. Table S2 summarizes manually curated sequence alignments of transposable element families from the Trichoderma genomes. Table S3 lists the total number of CAZy families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S4 lists the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S5 lists the glycosyltransferase (GT) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S6 lists the polysaccharide lyase (PL) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S7 lists the carbohydrate esterase (CE) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S8 lists the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S9 lists the NRPS, PKS and NRPS-PKS proteins in T. atroviride. Table S10 lists NRPS, PKS and NRPS-PKS proteins in T. virens. Table S11 lists the putative insecticidal toxins in Trichoderma. Table S12 lists the cytochrome P450 CYP4/CYP19/CYP26 class E proteins in Trichoderma. Table S13 lists the small-cysteine rich secreted protein from Trichoderma spp. Table S14 lists the most abundant PFAM domains in those genes that are unique to T. atroviride and T. virens and not present in T. reesei. Table S15 surveys the assembly statistics. Table S16 provides gene model support. Table S17 summarizes gene model statistics. Table S18 provides numbers of genes with functional annotation according to KOG, Gene Ontology, and KEGG classifications. Table S19 lists the largest KOG families responsible for metabolism. (XLSX 57 KB

Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

Abstract Background Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma. Results Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei. Conclusions The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm

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