«Нова система землеробства» І.Є. Овсинського: наукові ідеї в історичному вимірі

У статті на основі історико-наукового аналізу показано значення ідей І.Є. Овсинського про безвідвальний обробіток ґрунту, а також їх складний шлях утвердження до сьогодення. Його учні та послідовники продовжили і розвинули це вчення, значно доповнили та удосконалили. Ще наприкінці ХІХ ст. І.Є. Овсинський далекоглядно запропонував не просто нову систему обробітку ґрунту, а систему землеробства, яку сьогодні б назвали самовідновлюваним органічним землеробством. Ці ідеї так чи інакше зустрічаються у системах обробітку ґрунту по всьому світу.В статье на основании историко-научного анализа показано бессмертное значение идей И.Е. Овсинского о безотвальной обработке почвы, а также их сложный путь утверждения до сегодняшнего дня. Его ученики и последователи продолжили и развили это учение, значительно его дополнив и усовершенствовав. Еще в конце ХІХ в. И.Е. Овсинский предложил не просто новую систему обработки почвы, а систему земледеия, которую сегодня бы назвали самовосстанавливающимся органическим земледелием. Эти идеи так или иначе встречаются в системах обработки почвы по всему миру.In the article on the basis of historical and scientific analysis shows immortal value of ideas I.E. Ovsinsky of moldboard tillage, and their difficult path to approval today. His learned and followers continued and developed this theory, it is much updated and improved. In the late nineteenth century. I.E. Ovsinsky offered not just a new system of tillage, and the system of agriculture, which today would be called a resettable organic farming. These ideas are somehow found in soil treatment systems in the whole world

Identification of a major QTL for Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni resistance in apricot

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni causes bacterial spot of stone fruit resulting in severe yield losses in apricot production systems. Present on all continents, the pathogen is regulated in Europe as a quarantine organism. Host resistance is an important component of integrated pest management; however, little work has been done describing resistance against X. arboricola pv. pruni. In this study, an apricot population derived from the cross “Harostar” × “Rouge de Mauves” was used to construct two parental genetic maps and to perform a quantitative trait locus analysis of resistance to X. arboricola pv. pruni. A population of 101 F1 individuals was inoculated twice for two consecutive years in a quarantine greenhouse with a mixture of bacterial strains, and disease incidence and resistance index data were collected. A major QTL for disease incidence and resistance index accounting respectively for 53 % (LOD score of 15.43) and 46 % (LOD score of 12.26) of the phenotypic variation was identified at the same position on linkage group 5 of “Rouge de Mauves.” Microsatellite marker UDAp-452 co-segregated with the resistance, and two flanking microsatellites, namely BPPCT037 and BPPCT038A, were identified. When dividing the population according to the alleles of UDAp-452, the subgroup with unfavorable allele had a disease incidence of 32.6 % whereas the group with favorable allele had a disease incidence of 21 %, leading to a reduction of 35.6 % in disease incidence. This study is a first step towards the marker-assisted breeding of new apricot varieties with an increased tolerance to X. arboricola pv. pruni

Grape vines nematode management.

Nematodes affecting grapevines are very diverse and this crop suffers from major nematode pests belonging to both the Tylenchida and Dorylaimida.ICN 2022

Effects of Six Pratylenchus vulnus Isolates on the Growth of Peach-Almond Hybrid and Apple Rootstocks

The effects of six geographic isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus on the growth of GF-677 peach-almond hybrid and M-26 apple rootstocks were determined under greenhouse conditions. Plantlets were obtained from micropropagated plant material, and nematode isolates were reared in monoxenic cultures. All isolates suppressed growth on GF-677 compared with the uninfected controls. Isolate PvRO-S from Spain affected top weight of GF-677 more adversely than PvAT-F from France. Final population densities (Pf) of all P. vulnus on GF-677 were greater than 14.7 times the initial densities (Pi). They increased 61.5-fold on plants infected by PvWA-U from the United States. PvWA-U-, PvAT-F, and geographic undetermined PvU-UK isolates did not affect the growth of M-26 apple rootstock compared with PvAP-S, PvRO-S (both from Spain), and PvWA-A from Argentina isolates, which severely suppressed shoot growth of this rootstock. On M-26, Pf of the more parasitically fit isolates PvWA-A, PvAP-S, and PvRO-S were greater than those of nondamaging PvWA-U, PvAT-F, and PvU-UK isolates (>41.4 vs. <14.7 times the Pi). PvWA-U and PvAT-F reproduced more on GF-677 than on M-26 (>28.6 vs. <6.5 times the Pi). Isolate PvRO-S reproduced well and was quite destructive on both rootstocks. Results confirm the existence of strains with different damage potentials among geographically separated populations of P. vulnus

Biotin-Avidin ELISA Detection of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus in the Vector Nematode Xiphinema index

The value of biotin-avidin (B-A) ELISA for the detection of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in Xiphinema was estimated with field populations and greenhouse subpopulations. Samples consisted of increasing numbers of adults ranging from 1 to 64 in multiples of two. Tests with virus-free X. index populations reared on grapevine and fig plants as negative controls did not reveal a noticeable effect of the host plant. ELISA absorbances of virus-free X. index samples were greater than corresponding absorbances of X. pachtaicum samples. Differences occurred between two X. index field populations from GFLV-infected grapevines in Champagne and Languedoc. In most tests, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-nematode samples of virus-free and virus-infected populations, respectively, could not be separated. Consequently, B-A ELISA was not a reliable method for GFLV detection in samples of less than 10 X. index adults, but comparison of the absorbances obtained with increasing numbers may allow differentiation of the viral infectious potential of several populations

Grapevine Resistance to the Nematode Xiphinema index

Breeding for varieties carrying natural resistance (R) against plant-parasitic nematodes is a promising alternative to nematicide ban. In perennial crops, the long plant-nematode interaction increases the risk for R breaking and R durability is a real challenge. In grapevine, the nematode has a high economic impact by transmitting (GFLV) and, to delay GFLV transmission, rootstocks resistant to this vector are being selected, using in particular as an R source. To optimize this strategy, the durability has been studied under controlled conditions in F1 and BC1 muscadine-derived resistant accessions previously obtained from either hardwood-cutting or in vitro propagation. After inoculation with a mix, in equal proportions, of four lines representative of the diversity, multiplication on plants has been monitored 3 to 6 years. The nematode reproduction factor remained lower than 1 in resistant plants obtained from hardwood cuttings while it increased at values far beyond 1 in resistant plants of in vitro origin. Data for nematode numbers per gram of roots mostly paralleled those obtained for the reproduction factor. The effect of the propagation type on resistance over years was also evaluated for the ratio female/juvenile and the frequency of males. Altogether our results illustrate that the muscadine-derived resistance based on hardwood cuttings is durable. By contrast, in resistant and reference accessions obtained from in vitro, our data suggest that the increased nematode multiplication might be mainly due to the modification of root architecture consecutive to this propagation method

Effect of Cutting Age on the Resistance of Prunus cerasifera (Myrobalan Plum) to Meloidogyne arenaria

The response of softwood cuttings of Myrobalan plum infested after 50 and 105 days with 3,000 second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne arenaria was compared to 15-month-old hardwood cuttings in 13 genotypes ranging from highly resistant to susceptible. Gall index and number of galls were recorded 30 days after infestation. Fifty-day-old cuttings rooted in perlite developed many rootlets, but had only incipient galls after infestation. In sand, rooting of 50-day-old cuttings not treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) hormone was so variable that their resistance could not be assessed. Similar cuttings rooted with IBA developed more galls, but neither number of galls per plant nor gall index was a reliable criterion for determination of host suitability. Because of the better rooting results with IBA treatment, 105-day-old cuttings were first rooted with IBA in perlite and then transferred into sand for nematode inoculation. Known highly resistant genotypes of Myrobalan plum were gall-free and the responses of other genotypes paralleled that of the reference hardwood cuttings, although the test was less discriminating. Expression of M. arenaria host suitability in Myrobalan plum depends on root tissue maturation and cannot be reliably evaluated with 50-day-old cuttings