IL-33 promotes increased replication of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus in RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IRF3-dependent response

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), which promotes M2 macrophage development, may influence the control of viruses, such as Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) that infect macrophages. Because Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 (IRF3) is also critical to control of TMEV infection in macrophages, information on the relationship between IL-33 and IRF3 is important. Thus, RAW264.7 Lucia murine macrophage lineage cells with an endogenous IRF3-ISRE promoter driving secreted luciferase and IRF3KO RAW Lucia, a subline deficient in IRF3, were challenged with TMEV. After the challenge, considerable TMEV RNA detected at 18 and 24 h in RAW cells was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. TMEV induction of ISRE-IRF3 promoter activity, IFN-β and IL-33 gene expression, and IL-6 and IL-10 protein production, which was strong in RAW cells, was less in IRF3KO RAW cells. In contrast, expression of CD206 and ARG1, classical M2 macrophage markers, was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. Moreover, RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells produced extracellular IL-33 prior to and after infection with TMEV and antibody blockade of the IL-33 receptor, ST2, reduced CD206 and ARG1 expression, but increased IL-6 gene expression. Pre-treating both RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells with IL-33 prior to challenge significantly increased TMEV infection, but also increased IL-33, IL-10, IL-6 mRNA expression, and NO production without increasing IFN-β. Notably, IL-33 induction of IL-33, IRF3-ISRE promoter activity, and IL-10 by TMEV or poly I:C/IFN-γ was significantly dependent upon IRF3. The results show that the expression of IL-33 and the repression of M2 macrophage phenotypic markers are dependent on IRF3 and that IL-33 decreases the ability of macrophages to control infection with macrophage-tropic viruses

IL-33 promotes increased replication of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus in RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IRF3-dependent response

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), which promotes M2 macrophage development, may influence the control of viruses, such as Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) that infect macrophages. Because Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 (IRF3) is also critical to control of TMEV infection in macrophages, information on the relationship between IL-33 and IRF3 is important. Thus, RAW264.7 Lucia murine macrophage lineage cells with an endogenous IRF3-ISRE promoter driving secreted luciferase and IRF3KO RAW Lucia, a subline deficient in IRF3, were challenged with TMEV. After the challenge, considerable TMEV RNA detected at 18 and 24 h in RAW cells was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. TMEV induction of ISRE-IRF3 promoter activity, IFN-β and IL-33 gene expression, and IL-6 and IL-10 protein production, which was strong in RAW cells, was less in IRF3KO RAW cells. In contrast, expression of CD206 and ARG1, classical M2 macrophage markers, was significantly elevated in IRF3KO RAW cells. Moreover, RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells produced extracellular IL-33 prior to and after infection with TMEV and antibody blockade of the IL-33 receptor, ST2, reduced CD206 and ARG1 expression, but increased IL-6 gene expression. Pre-treating both RAW and IRF3KO RAW cells with IL-33 prior to challenge significantly increased TMEV infection, but also increased IL-33, IL-10, IL-6 mRNA expression, and NO production without increasing IFN-β. Notably, IL-33 induction of IL-33, IRF3-ISRE promoter activity, and IL-10 by TMEV or poly I:C/IFN-γ was significantly dependent upon IRF3. The results show that the expression of IL-33 and the repression of M2 macrophage phenotypic markers are dependent on IRF3 and that IL-33 decreases the ability of macrophages to control infection with macrophage-tropic viruses

Mesurement of axial velocity field of classic taylor-couette flow

L'étude des mécanismes de transition du régime laminaire vers le régime turbulent a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux. La géométrie de Couette entre deux cylindres coaxiaux tournants, constitue une géométrie idéale pour le suivi des différentes étapes vers la turbulence. Notre problème concerne l'étude de l'écoulement entre deux cylindres verticaux coaxiaux de rayons R1 et R2 dans le cas particulier où le cylindre extérieur est maintenu fixe et le cylindre intérieur « lisse ou ondulé » peut tourner autour de l'axe du système avec une vitesse variable notée Ω1 ≠ 0. Nous nous proposons d'examiner expérimentalement la structure de l'écoulement à partir de l'apparition de la première instabilité (tourbillons de Taylor). L'approche expérimentale est basée sur la mesure des profils de vitesse instantanée et moyennée. Il est intéressant de signaler, aux alentours de Ta=600, l'existence d'un accroissement de la longueur d'onde azimutale qui s'accompagne d'une diminution de l'énergie. Par ailleurs l'exploitation spatio-temporelle directe des champs de vitesses a permis de bien préciser la topologie des écoulements et notamment le nombre et la taille des cellules, ainsi que la stabilité relative des zones sources et puits

Laboratory-Scale And Real Experimental Study On The Performance Of Energy Regenerative Suspension System

Nowadays, getting more efficient vehicle to investigate the improvement in renewable energy is highly crucial for the automotive industry. The operation of most vehicles is with fossil fuel. However, there are some vehicles which apply varying energy resources. The previous EReSS using the magnetic coil does not show satisfying performance in term of the voltage output. Therefore, the goal of this research is to investigate the improvement of the energy regenerative suspension system (EReSS) to obtain energy efficient vehicle (EEV) from the vibration of vehicle suspension system. The study began with the observation of the potential vibrations created by a vehicle running on a route that has been selected. The designed system has been put to the test on a test rig for the laboratory scale experimentation procedure to monitor its reliability and harvesting potential. At the laboratory, the EReSS test produces the maximum output voltage of 32.76 V at 400 windings. Additionally, the test is carried out to test the function of the EReSS system on real vehicle. In the next step, the device is installed on a passenger vehicle with minor modification on the suspension system. The vehicle works on the same route to observe the electrical voltage harvested during ordinary driving on the actual traffic. The EReSS recorded that the maximum voltage at the real car test was 17.6 Vat 400 winding. The tests are done with the help of the Data Acquisition (DAQ) system to record the reading of voltage produced by the EReSS system. The material improvement can boost the output voltage. According to the obtained results, it is observed that, the proposed system can lead to minimal energy wastage because of the vibration and it produces an effective vehicle in terms of electrical and electronic utilization. To add, the output voltage of the EReSS can be affected by the number of windings of the coil and its diameter. The study shows that with higher number of coil winding, higher output voltage is achieved. There is evidence that the EReSS harvests energy therefore, it can be used on hybrid and electric vehicles to develop the vehicle, in terms of the efficiency and it will further reduce the fuel consumption

Observations expérimentales sur la transition laminaire-turbulent pour un fluide

Dans deux articles indépendants, Escudier et Presti (1996) et Peixinho et al. (2005) ont étudié expérimentalement la structure de l'écoulement d'une solution aqueuse respectivement de Laponite à 1:5% et de Carbopol à 0:2% en masse dans une conduite cylindrique. Il a été constaté qu'en régime laminaire et turbulent, les profils de vitesse axiale moyenne sont axisymétriques, et présentent une asymétrie croissante avec le nombre de Reynolds lors de la transition. Le but de la présente communication est de fournir une description tri-dimensionnelle de cette asymétrie à partir des mesures de profils de vitesse à différentes positions axiales et azimutales. Les résultats obtenus montrent que cette asymétrie est très faible au voisinage de la section d'entrée et s'intensifie le long de la conduite. Ils traduisent l'existence d'un état non linéaire stable caractérisé par deux rouleaux longitudinaux contra-rotatifs

Early-Phase Drive to the Precursor Pool: Chloroviruses Dive into the Deep End of Nucleotide Metabolism

Viruses face many challenges on their road to successful replication, and they meet those challenges by reprogramming the intracellular environment. Two major issues challenging Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1, genus Chlorovirus, family Phycodnaviridae) at the level of DNA replication are (i) the host cell has a DNA G+C content of 66%, while the virus is 40%; and (ii) the initial quantity of DNA in the haploid host cell is approximately 50 fg, yet the virus will make approximately 350 fg of DNA within hours of infection to produce approximately 1000 virions per cell. Thus, the quality and quantity of DNA (and RNA) would seem to restrict replication efficiency, with the looming problem of viral DNA synthesis beginning in only 60–90 min. Our analysis includes (i) genomics and functional annotation to determine gene augmentation and complementation of the nucleotide biosynthesis pathway by the virus, (ii) transcriptional profiling of these genes, and (iii) metabolomics of nucleotide intermediates. The studies indicate that PBCV-1 reprograms the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway to rebalance the intracellular nucleotide pools both qualitatively and quantitatively, prior to viral DNA amplification, and reflects the genomes of the progeny virus, providing a successful road to virus infection

Experimental and modeling stress concentration factor (SCF) of a tension poly lactic acid (PLA) plate with two circular holes

The design of high performance aircraft structures frequently includes various shape and size discontinuities for various purposes. The zones near to these notches become critical regions under various working loading. The stress concentration factor (SCF) and tensile strength degradation of poly lactic acid (PLA) plates are addressed in the current study through a combination of experimental and numerical studies using finite element (FE) modeling techniques. The present work performs stress concentration factor (SCF) of rectangular plates with two symmetrical circular holes under uniaxial tension load of two various types (PLA, PLA/15%carbon), which were determined in the current work experimentally and numerically using finite element method with help of Ansys software. The results of experimental test showed decay in tensile modulus and tensile strength is less than that of using plates without holes by (10%, 22.1%) for (PLA, PLA/15%carbon) respectively, and the apparent stress concentration factor is (3.33, 3.61) respectively. And showed decay in tensile strength is less than that of using plates without holes by (28.35%, 27.77%) for (PLA, PLA/15%carbon) respectively, due to the concentration of stresses around the holes. A finite element analysis is carried out and the outcomes have been estimated with experimental results for checking the efficient use of this article. The numerical results show the Von Mises stress distribution and stress concentration factor is (2.16, 2.35) for (PLA, PLA/15%carbon) respectively

Transition vers la turbulence pour un fluide non Newtonien dans une conduite cylindrique. Mise en évidence expérimentale d'un écoulement chaotique induit par la stratification de la viscosité

Dans la présente communication, on fournie une description tridimensionnelle de la structure de l'écoulement d'un fluide non Newtonien (rhéofluidifiant avec seuil) en conduite cylindrique. Des profils de vitesse axiale sont mesurés à différents positions axiale et azimutal. L'analyse statistique des fluctuations de la vitesse met en évidence un écoulement chaotique induit par la variation non linéaire de la viscosité

Viral DNA Accumulation Regulates Replication Efficiency of \u3ci\u3eChlorovirus\u3c/i\u3e OSy-NE5 in Two Closely Related \u3ci\u3eChlorella variabilis\u3c/i\u3e Strains

Many chloroviruses replicate in Chlorella variabilis algal strains that are ex-endosymbionts isolated from the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, including the NC64A and Syngen 2-3 strains. We noticed that indigenous water samples produced a higher number of plaque-forming viruses on C. variabilis Syngen 2-3 lawns than on C. variabilis NC64A lawns. These observed differences led to the discovery of viruses that replicate exclusively in Syngen 2-3 cells, named Only Syngen (OSy) viruses. Here, we demonstrate that OSy viruses initiate infection in the restricted host NC64A by synthesizing some early virus gene products and that approximately 20% of the cells produce a small number of empty virus capsids. However, the infected cells did not produce infectious viruses because the cells were unable to replicate the viral genome. This is interesting because all previous attempts to isolate host cells resistant to chlorovirus infection were due to changes in the host receptor for the virus

Bacterial etiologies, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors among patients suspected sterile body site infections at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundSterile body locations are usually associated with clinical urgency and life-threatening illnesses, and they are typically contaminated with diverse bacterial etiologies. If the bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs, the public health crisis will only worsen. In developing countries, drug-resistant bacteria are common because of poor surveillance, diagnostic capacity, and control measures. Early diagnosis, and assessing the drug resistance and factors associated with infection are important to combat the drug resistance and treatment. This study aimed to assess the bacterial etiologies, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and possible associated factors among patients suspected of sterile body sites.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022 at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. One hundred seven study participants were selected using consecutive convenient sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data. Gram stain was done for a preliminary report and inoculated into blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar and incubated aerobically and micro aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the modified Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used. A p-value less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe overall magnitude of sterile body site infection among study participants was 7.5% (14/187). The majority of the isolates were Gram-negative bacteria with the predominant species Enterobacter cloacae accounting for 28.57% (4/14). Among isolates 78.57%(11/14) of them were multidrug-resistant isolates. Being inpatient, co-morbidity, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with sterile body site infection.ConclusionIn our study, Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant bacteria that infects sterile body fluid. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance bacteria isolates was significantly high. Therefore, before prescribing an empirical treatment, a medical professional should identify the bacterial etiology of sterile body fluids and the susceptibility of microbes to the drug