Investigating the Facilitating Factors of Drug Use Based on Personality and Ethnic Characteristics of Guilan Province

Abstract Background: Identifying ethnic and personality facilitation factors in drug use help to better diagnose and treat addiction identifying facilitation factors. It provides timely counseling, and psychological services can be partially preventable for addicts. This study aimed to investigate factors facilitating drug use based on ethnic and personality characteristics of Guilan province using the Cloninger personality system. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of four subcultures of Guilak, Talesh (Turk), Kord and others called Fars. The sampling method in this study was a mixed-method; the sample size was at least 200 people. The present study used data in the field section of Cloninger's personality and character questionnaire to determine personality components and their relationship. They were used with current norms. This study used in-depth interviews, observation and review of documents (questionnaires) and conventional oral literature on drug use. Results: This study showed that between ethnic facilitation factors (drug and drug counseling, folk beliefs in oral literature, and beliefs about rituals and companionship) and personality traits (nature and character), except the avoidance factor at the significant level of 0.01, there was a significant and positive relationship. Variables of personality traits/"nature and character" and components of perseverance, novelty, reward-dependence, self-direction, cooperation can predict common beliefs in the propensity to medication and therapy. The personality facilitator variable of "nature and character" and all its components, except for themselves, was able to predict the popular beliefs existing in oral literature. The personality facilitator variable of "nature and character" and the components of novelty, reward-dependence, and cooperation could predict common beliefs about rituals and companionship. Conclusion: Research showed a significant relationship between ethnicity and propensity for drug and drug counseling, popular beliefs in oral literature, and celebration and celebration beliefs

Potential effect of coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) on serum NGAL biomarker and kidney function following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, and is associated with major adverse outcomes. Effect of preoperative administration of coenzyme Q10 was evaluated in order to realize that whether it could prevent the occurrence of AKI following elective CABG surgery. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty patients who were candidate for elective CABG surgery between September 2017 and August 2018 were randomly assigned to intervention group (receiving coenzyme Q10, 300 mg BID for 2 days before surgery) and control group. Serum NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) was measured at baseline, 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Serum creatinine (sCr) and urine output (UO) were also measured at baseline and after surgery. Results: Fifty patients completed the study. The total incidence of acute kidney injury was 32%. There were no significant differences in the incidence of AKI (p=0.07) between the two groups. Serum NGAL was shown no significant difference at 6 (p=0.13) and 24 (p=0.22) hours after surgery compared to the baseline level between the two groups, whereas, the significant difference in the hospitalization duration was shown between them (p=0.02). Conclusion: CoQ10 supplementation did not significantly decrease the incidence of AKI in patients undergoing elective CABG

Morphological investigation and 3D simulation of plasmonic nanostructures to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells

Abstract The light absorption process is a key factor in improving the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Using arrays of metal nanostructures on semiconductors such as perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3), the amount of light absorption in these layers is significantly increased. Metal nanostructures have been considered for their ability to excite plasmons (collective oscillations of free electrons). Noble metal nanoparticles placed inside solar cells, by increasing the scattering of the incident light, effectively increase the optical absorption inside PSCs; this in turn increases the electric current generated in the photovoltaic device. In this work, by calculating the cross-sectional area of dispersion and absorption on gold (Au) nanoparticles, the effects of the position of nanoparticles in the active layer (AL) and their morphology on the increase of absorption within the PSC are investigated. The optimal position of the plasmonic nanoparticle was obtained in the middle of the AL using a three-dimensional simulation method. Then, three different morphologies of nano-sphere, nano-star and nano-cubes were investigated, where the short-circuit currents (Jsc) for these three nanostructures were obtained equal to 19.01, 18.66 and 20.03 mA/cm2, respectively. In our study, the best morphology of the nanostructure according to the Jsc value was related to the nano-cube, in which the device power conversion efficiency was equal to 16.20%, which is about 15% better than the PSC with the planar architecture

Design of optimized photonic-structure and analysis of adding a SiO2 layer on the parallel CH3NH3PbI3/CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cells

Abstract So far, remarkable achievements have been obtained by optimizing the device architecture and modeling of solar cells is a precious and very effective way to comprehend a better description of the physical mechanisms in solar cells. As a result, this study has inspected two-dimensional simulation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to achieve a precise model. The solution which has been employed is based on the finite element method (FEM). First, the periodically light trapping (LT) structure has been replaced with a planar structure. Due to that, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSC was obtained at 14.85%. Then, the effect of adding an SiO2 layer to the LT structure as an anti-reflector layer was investigated. Moreover, increasing the PCE of these types of solar cells, a new structure including a layer of CH3NH3SnI3 as an absorber layer was added to the structure of PSCs in this study, which resulted in 25.63 mA/cm2 short circuit current (Jsc), 0.96 V open circuit voltage (Voc), and 20.48% PCE

The semantic study of providence in the Holy Quran: Designing a conceptual framework for the counseling process

The aim of this study was examining the semantics of the word providence as one of the most important key word is Holy Quran. Semantics of the word helps us to study the role of this concept to grasp and achieve semantic network of providence. Providence is one of the most important issues that illustrate according to it how to create the world and the creatures in the universe. This concept helps us to use it as one of the structures that can serve as a guide in shaping our activities. Any activity from this perspective can be viewed from the perspective of the instrument and can lead to an object in shaping it. The process of consultation and practice that has been developed and addressed in this process is the subject of this review. In the Holey Quran, God's providence has been used to both as a verb that is doing some things and used in a name that is sharing to the things. In this framework, the Thing is anything (subject, relationship, judgment or practice) that the providence has been applied and realized. This concept has the capability to operate in each program.Conceptually Providence points out all of the creation in the world. In this context, all of the objects (the relationships ,judgments , operations and subjects) are things that is created by providence .A semantic study of God's providence has also shown that this word as one of the most pivotal Quran words in drawing the Quran world view, intended as a program of macro creation more than express a desire simply to create something

Economic Analysis of Transformation of Traditional Irrigation Systems to Modern Systems of Wheat Production in the Fars Province

In this study different irrigation methods of wheat in the Fars province were analyzed using metafrontier approach technological gap ratio. For this purpose, information about 100 farmers that were interviewed randomly in 2013 was used. The sample farms were divided into two groups (with and without sprinkler irrigation systems) based on  the different irrigation methods. The results of estimating the regional frontier production function showed that the technical efficiency for the group with sprinkler irrigation system and the group without sprinkler irrigation system is 0.87 and 0.82, respectively. It means that these producers with a certain amount of average input produce about 87 percent and 82 percent of the product, respectively that could possibly be produced using the same amount of input and available technology. The technical efficiency relative to the metafrontier production function in the group with sprinkler irrigation system and in the group without sprinkler irrigation is 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. The technological gap ratio for the above two groups is 0.96 and 0.88, which means that the sprinkler irrigation system has a better technical performance, and it has a higher technological gap ratio when compared with the with no irrigation system. This is a promising point for policy makers in the field of agriculture since production level could be improved by improvement in the production techniques and proper use of available resources. The results of the factors that are effective in acceptance of technology of sprinkler irrigation system that was evaluated using the Probit model have showed that variables of farmer experiment, their attending extension classes, farmer’s property, loan, risky propensities and ownership of wells all have a positive and significant effect on acceptance of technology of sprinkler irrigation systems

Narrative Exposure Therapy for Reducing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Iranian Betrayed Wives

PTSD and depression are most prevalent disorders in traumatic events. This research studies reducing symptoms of PTSD and comorbid depression through narrative exposure therapy (NET). NET incorporated many of exposure elements with additional focus of clearly documenting the atrocities endured. 24 betrayed women with PTSD and depression were randomized in experiment and control groups. Participants were clinically interviewed and filled out impact of event scale-revised (IES-R) and Beck Depression inventory (BDI) for three times; once before and once after 8 sessions of experiment group’s therapy. Third time was three months after therapy. Data were analyzed using repeated measures variances analysis. PTSD and its two parameters (intrusion & hyperarousal) significantly reduce in experiment group, immediately after therapy and in three months follow up. Depression also reduces significantly immediately after therapy and continues to reduce three months after therapy. According to this study, NET is beneficial therapy for PTSD even in social fields. NET successfulness in Iranian culture is ascribed to narrative aspect of NET. This study endorses that extra-marital relationship causes PTSD in victims

Comparison of cloninger\'s personality traits in drug addicts in different cultures

Background: The study of micro-cultures in the field of drug use, compared to other studies, not only in Iran, but also in other countries, has given a small contribution to the studies. Despite the existence of this research gap resulting from the study of personality traits about micro-cultures and norms that encourage substance consumption. Aims: The purpose of this research was to compare Cloninger's personality traits in drug addicts in different cultures. Methods: This research was descriptive-comparative. The population studied in this research included men aged 20 to 40 who use drugs from four subcultures: Gilak, Talesh, Kurd, and others (Persia). 300 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. All of them completed the personality traits questionnaire of Cloninger et al. (1993). Finally, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to describe the data. Results: The results showed that there is no significant difference in personality traits between any of the different cultures (P>0.05). This means that it can be said that addicts of different ethnicities had similar personality traits. Conclusion: Finally, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that substance-dependent people in different cultures in the present study had similar personality characteristics, and therefore, knowledge of these results can be important for personality psychologists, sociologists, and other professionals

Developing a Conceptual Model of Spiritual Health Based on Related Islamic Texts: A Qualitative Study

زمینه و هدف: یکی از مهم‌ترین جنبه‌های سلامت انسان، سلامت معنوی است که بر دیگر ابعاد آن، تأثیر به سزایی دارد. با توجه به لزوم ارائه تعریفی جامع از سلامت معنوی و تعیین مؤلفه‌های آن منطبق با فرهنگ و دین جامعه ایرانی، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین مدل مفهومی سلامت معنوی مبتنی بر متون اسلامی انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: روش پژوهش، تحلیل محتوای کیفی و گردآوری اطلاعات، مبتنی بر مطالعه و تحلیل محتوای متون اسلامی مرتبط بود. حوزه مورد مطالعه، متون تخصصی اسلامی و روش نمونه‌گیری از نوع هدفمند بوده است. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، جستجوی پیشرفته در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی علمی و تخصصی و روش تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، تحلیل محتوای کیفی با نظام مقوله‌بندی استقرایی بوده است. یافته‌ها: مؤلفه‌های سلامت معنوی در سه مقوله هسته‌ای مبدأشناسی، راهنماشناسی و معادشناسی طبقه‌بندی شدند. مؤلفه مبدأشناسی شامل 6 مفهوم نگرش توحیدی، یقین، اخلاص، انقطاع، توکل، و ذکر بود. مؤلفه راهنماشناسی، شامل دو مقوله اصلی ادب تطبیقی با قرآن کریم (الگوی نظری) و ادب تطبیقی با انبیا و چهارده معصوم (الگوی عملی) بود. مقوله اول شامل دو مفهوم انس با قرآن و عمل به قرآن؛ مقوله دوم شامل 21 مفهوم تسلیم و رضا، صبر، عمل به واجبات، ترک محرمات، شکر، قناعت، لذت مادی، لذت معنوی، صدق الکلام، ادای امانت، حسن خلق، سخاوت، مروت، خدمت، عفو، عدالت، شجاعت، غیرت، حلم، حیا و کسب روزی حلال بود؛ آخرین مؤلفه سلامت معنوی، معادشناسی است که شامل سه مفهوم معادباوری، یاد مرگ و زهد می‌باشد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در انتخاب، گزارش یافته‌ها و استناددهی متون، امانتداری رعایت شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: در مطالعه حاضر، بانگاهی جامع به یک انسان کامل با هویت توحیدی ذکرشده در متون اسلامی، مؤلفه‌های سلامت معنوی استخراج شده و الگوی مفهومی آن طراحی شده است که در مجموع با مطالعات پیشین در این زمینه همسو است.Background and Aim: One of the most important aspects of human health is spiritual health, which has a great impact on other dimensions. Due to the need to provide a comprehensive definition of spiritual health and determine its components in accordance with the culture and religion of Iranian society, the present study was conducted with the aim of developing a conceptual model of spiritual health based on Islamic texts. Materials and Methods: The research method was qualitative and information gathering, based on the study and qualitative content analysis of related Islamic texts. The study area was specialized Islamic texts and sampling method was purposeful. The tool of data collection was advanced search in scientific and specialized databases, and the method of data analysis was qualitative content analysis with inductive categorization system. Findings: The components of spiritual health were classified into three main categories: Theology, Cognition of guide and Eschatology. The theology components included the 6 concepts: monotheistic attitude, certainty, sincerity, detachment, trust in God, and remembrance of God. Components of cognition of guide   included the two main categories: matching manner with the Holy Qur'an (theoretical model), and matching manner with the prophets and the fourteen infallibles (practical model). The first category includes the two concepts of familiarity with the Qur'an and practice of the Qur'an and the second category includes 21 concepts: submission and satisfaction, patience, fulfillment of obligations, abandonment of prohibitions, thanksgiving, contentment, material pleasure, spiritual pleasure, truthfulness, trustworthiness, good-temperedness, generosity, manliness, assistance, forgiveness, justice, courage, Jealousy, forbearance, modesty and halal Livelihood. The last component of spiritual health is eschatology, which includes the three concepts: resurrection-believing, remembrance of death and asceticism. Ethical Considerations: In selecting, reporting findings and citing texts, fidelity has been observed. Conclusion: In the present study, with a comprehensive view of a perfect human being with the monotheistic identity mentioned in Islamic texts, the components of spiritual health are extracted and its conceptual model is designed, which is in line with previous studies in this field.   Cite this article as: Eskandari A, Vaziri S, Fallah MH, Asi-Mozneb A. Developing a Conceptual Model of Spiritual Health Based on Related Islamic Texts: A Qualitative Study. Med Ethics J 2020; 14(45): e28

Experimental investigation on the effect of different slot shapes and configurations on scour dimension downstream of flip buckets

Flip buckets at the end of a spillway can dissipate the flood discharge energy. Compared to other energy dissipators, this is a cost-effective structure. The formation of a scour hole downstream of a flip bucket is a topic of interest among hydraulic engineers. The current study investigated scouring downstream of a flip bucket under two major scenarios: (i) free conditions, and (ii) slotted conditions with rectangular and triangular slots configured differently under four different discharge rates. In total, 20 experiments were conducted in this study. Results showed that the use of a deflector slot greatly affected the scour extent and depth, resulting in a greater scour reduction (53%) in the labyrinth rectangular slotted bucket compared to the solid bucket. The results were compared to empirical equations, and a high correlation was observed between them. In comparison, the Taraimovich equation produced more accurate results in control experiments, and the Damle-A and Damle-B equations produced more accurate results in experiments corresponding to labyrinth rectangular and triangular slotted buckets