Relationship between Breastfeeding and Obesity in Childhood

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the weight status and the relationship of infant-feeding variables, birthweight and birth order with BMI in a group of Iranian children. Five hundred and eleven students of both sexes at the first grade in elementary schools (aged 7 years) were recruited randomly from all 19 educational districts of Tehran. Weights and heights of children and their mothers were measured. Data on breastfeeding (BF), formula-feeding, the timing of introduction of complementary foods (CF), birthweight, and birth order were collected from the mothers. The 2007 WHO reference value was used for determining child's weight status. Regression analysis in single and a 2-level linear regression models was used for examining the independent relationships of infant-feeding variables , birthweight and birth order with childhood BMI. The prevalence of underweight and overweight in this group of children was 7.6% and 19.7%, respectively. Total time of BF and duration of exclusive BF were not associated with childhood BMI. The timing of introduction of CF was inversely related to childhood BMI after controlling for other variables (\u3b2:-0.34; 95% CI:-0.58,-0.10). Children with an early introduction of CF had significantly higher mean BMI (p for linear trend=0.012). Birth order and birthweight were related to childhood BMI significantly. These data suggest that overweight and obesity are nutritional problems among 7 years old Teharani children. The timing of introduction of CF, birth order, and birthweight were independent predictors of childhood BMI. Neither total time of BF nor duration of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with adiposity in children

Relationship between Breastfeeding and Obesity in Childhood

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the weight status and the relationship of infant-feeding variables, birthweight and birth order with BMI in a group of Iranian children. Five hundred and eleven students of both sexes at the first grade in elementary schools (aged 7 years) were recruited randomly from all 19 educational districts of Tehran. Weights and heights of children and their mothers were measured. Data on breastfeeding (BF), formula-feeding, the timing of introduction of complementary foods (CF), birthweight, and birth order were collected from the mothers. The 2007 WHO reference value was used for determining child's weight status. Regression analysis in single and a 2-level linear regression models was used for examining the independent relationships of infant-feeding variables , birthweight and birth order with childhood BMI. The prevalence of underweight and overweight in this group of children was 7.6% and 19.7%, respectively. Total time of BF and duration of exclusive BF were not associated with childhood BMI. The timing of introduction of CF was inversely related to childhood BMI after controlling for other variables (β:-0.34; 95% CI:-0.58,-0.10). Children with an early introduction of CF had significantly higher mean BMI (p for linear trend=0.012). Birth order and birthweight were related to childhood BMI significantly. These data suggest that overweight and obesity are nutritional problems among 7 years old Teharani children. The timing of introduction of CF, birth order, and birthweight were independent predictors of childhood BMI. Neither total time of BF nor duration of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with adiposity in children

Accelerated wound healing induced by spinach extract in experimental model diabetic rats with streptozotocin

Abstract Patients with diabetes often have difficult-to-heal wounds. Spinacia oleracea extract comprises anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compounds; this research, therefore, studied the impact of Spinacia oleracea extracts on ulcer regeneration. This study was conducted on 72 adult Wistar rats (200 $$\pm$$ ± 20 g). They were randomly divided into six groups of twelve. A: Diabetic group receiving normal saline. B: Non-diabetic group receiving normal saline. C: Diabetic group receiving spinach aqueous extract. D: Diabetic group receiving spinach alcoholic extract. E: preventive group that received aqueous extract for 2 months. F: preventive group that received alcoholic extract for 2 months. Ulcer regeneration, vascular endothelium growth factor, blood sugar, and weight changes were measured on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30. Macroscopic investigation of the wounds non-diabetic control group, diabetic group, as well as spinach aqueous and alcoholic extract groups, were compared and there were significant changes (P < 0.05). Pathologic examination in the spinach aqueous and alcoholic extract groups, and nondiabetic group than in the diabetic group revealed significant advances (P <  0.05). On the third and seventh days, Vascular endothelium growth factor detected significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Results indicate that, in regenerating diabetic ulcers, Spinacia oleracea may be effective. It influences the ulcer structure and speed

THE EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON BLOOD HOMOCYS-TEINE LEVEL IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

Abstract &nbsp;&nbsp; INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is regarded as serious condition for both the individual&nbsp;and the society.&nbsp;Its rapidly increasing global prevalence is&nbsp;a&nbsp;significant cause for concern. One of the most important reasons of mortality in diabetic patients is atherosclerosis. Many epidemiologic studies have shown that the total homocysteine concentration is a risk indicator for cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that its concentration is increased considerably in diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological data indicate that the consumption of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3FA) leads to a reduction in cardiovascular disorders and may protect against metabolic diseases. In recent years, many have studied omega-3 fatty acids but still, it cannot be used as an additive. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of &omega;3 on homocysteine in type 2 diabetic patients. &nbsp;&nbsp; METHODS: A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 80 type 2 diabetic patients aged 45-85 years with diabetes for at least 2 years. Anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI) and medical history were obtained. Diabetic patients were randomly assigned to either the case or the control group. Each subject received 3 capsules per day (omega-3 or placebo) for a period of 2 months. A sample of 10&nbsp;ml blood was collected from each subject at the beginning and at the end of the study. Serum homocysteine was measured by Hitachi autoanalyzer with the Enzymatic Cycling method. Nutrient intake was estimated using 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the trial for 2 days and analyzed by FPII. T-test was also used to compare the groups. &nbsp;&nbsp; RESULTS: Comparison of mean&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;SD (standard deviation) of BMI and food intake did not show any difference between the case and control groups. homocysteine levels were 3.10&nbsp;&micro;mol/lit and 0.126&nbsp;&micro;mol/lit in the case and control groups, respectively, and the difference was significant. &nbsp;&nbsp; CONCLUSION: Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation (3 g/per day) in the form of capsules can decrease homocysteine content in diabetic patients. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, omega-3 fatty acid, homocysteine. &nbsp;</p

Triclabendazole (Anthelmintic Drug) Effects on the Excretory- Secretory Proteome of Fasciola hepatica in Two Dimension Electrophoresis Gel

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein spots of excre-tory - secretory products of Fasciola hepatica using two dimension electrophoresis method in the presence and absence of triclabendazole drug which can be consid-ered to detect the target protein of the drug. Methods: F. hepatica parasites were collected from infected cattle livers, divided in two groups and cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium. First group was treated with triclabendazole (TCBZ) and second group considered as control. The excretory-secretory (ES) products of each group were separated and total protein deter-mined by Bradford method. To provide proteome spots, the ES proteins were precipitated and two dimension electrophoresis (2-DE) gel prepared. Protein amounts of two groups were compared using the statistical t-test and protein spots from 2-DE in test and control groups were also statistically analyzed. The protein spots of gels were identified by using protein database. Results: The t-test showed a significant increase of total proteins in treated group (P0.05). Cathepsin L- protein (MW 36.7 pH 5.34), 14-3-3 epsilon 2 isoform (MW 28.2 pH 5.36), Cathepsin L1D (MW 36.5 pH 5.8) and Cathepsin L1D (MW 36.6 pH 6.26) were identified in test group. Conclusion: It seems that, these results can be considered to determine the pro-teins which the drug acts as a target on them

White Blood Cell Count in Women: Relation to Inflammatory Biomarkers, Haematological Profiles, Visceral Adiposity, and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors

The role of white blood cell (WBC) count in pathogenesis of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesityrelated disorders has been reported earlier. Recent studies revealed that higher WBC contributes to atherosclerotic progression and impaired fasting glucose. However, it is unknown whether variations in WBC and haematologic profiles can occur in healthy obese individuals. The aim of this study is to further evaluate the influence of obesity on WBC count, inflammatory biomarkers, and metabolic risk factors in healthy women to establish a relationship among variables analyzed. The sample of the present study consisted of 84 healthy women with mean age of 35.56±6.83 years. They were categorized into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI): obese group with BMI >30 kg/m2 and non-obese group with BMI <30 kg/m2. We evaluated the relationship between WBC and platelet count (PLT) with serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), Creactive protein (CRP), Angiotensin II (Ang II), body fat percentage (BF %), waist-circumference (WC), and lipid profile. WBC, PLT, CRP, and IL-6 in obese subjects were significantly higher than in non-obese subjects (p< 0.05). The mean WBC count in obese subjects was 6.4±0.3 (×109/L) compared to 4.4±0.3 (×109/L) in non-obese subjects (p=0.035). WBC correlated with BF% (r=0.31, p=0.004), CRP (r=0.25, P=0.03), WC (r=0.22, p=0.04), Angiotensin II (r=0.24, p=0.03), triglyceride (r=0.24, p=0.03), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels (r=0.3, p=0.028) but not with IL-6. Platelet count was also associated with WC and waist-to-hip ratio (p<0.05). Haemoglobin and haematocrit were in consistent relationship with LDLcholesterol (p<0.05). In conclusion, obesity was associated with higher WBC count and inflammatory parameters. There was also a positive relationship between WBC count and several inflammatory and metabolic risk factors in healthy women

Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex infection assessment in schizophrenia and bipolar patients compared to healthy subjects

Background and Aim: Some viruses (including herpes viruses) due to&nbsp; neurotropic properties and latency&nbsp; are considered as a possible factor in many central nervous system disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The aim of the current study was to assess the level of IgG antibodies against Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in these diseases. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, a total of 92 serum samples including those of 46&nbsp; patients admitted to Iran Psychiatric Hospital and 46 samples of the healthy personnel of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, as a control group, were assessed. The level of IgG antibodies against HSV 1 & 2 and EBV were tested using ELISA kits and&nbsp; the presence or absence of EBV genome (active infection) was examined by Real-time PCR. &nbsp;Finally, the obtained. Data were analyzed by means of IBM SPSS( V:22) software using Chi square test and T- test. Results: Prevalence of HSV 1 & 2 antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (case group.) and healthy individuals (control group.) were 80/4% and 82/6% ,respectively. The results showed no significant difference in HSV 1 & 2 antibody regarding P value (P= 0.79). Prevalence of EBV antibodies in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls were 100% and 89/1%, respectively. The results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of anti-EBV antibody titers with P value of &nbsp;0.02. Besides, &nbsp;in order to detect the genome of EBV virus, Real-time PCR was u sedon 87 samples with positive EBV antibodies in which no EBV genome was detected. Conclusion: The findings showed a significant association between EBV infection with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but there was no significant association between herpes simplex viruses with the mentioned diseases