Szenarien der Moderne

Wenige Begriffe vermögen so viel Faszination und Unbehagen gleichzeitig auszulösen wie die Moderne. Der Begriff birgt so viele Unschärfen, dass man eigentlich gut daran tun würde, ihn zu vermeiden. Allein die Frage, was modern sei, oder wann die Moderne begann, lässt sich nicht eindeutig beantworten. Vielleicht am meisten Kontur besitzt die Moderne als Epochenbegriff der Geschichtswissenschaften, wobei auch dort zwischen ökonomischen, politischen und weiteren Modernen unterschieden wird. Geradezu inflationär ist die Verwendung in der Kunsthistoriografie: Über weite Strecken des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die Moderne als hauptsächlich ästhetisches Phänomen verstanden und tradiert, bis zur Konstruktion des längst relativierten Mythos der Begründung der Moderne allein durch das Neue Bauen oder gar das Bauhaus. Spätestens die Postmoderne hat den Begriff endgültig diversifiziert und dazu beigetragen, dass lange „als antimoderne Rückfälle" (G. Weckerlin) beschriebene Strömungen in einer erweiterten Sichtweise als Phänomene modernen Kunstschaffens wahrgenommen werden, wie etwa die Heimatschutzarchitektur oder die Monumentalbaukunst im Nationalsozialismus. Angesichts des entstandenen Spektrums ist heute von einem pluralistischen Begriff der Moderne auszugehen. Für die zweite Jahrhunderthälfte spricht man von Nachkriegsmoderne, Spätmoderne und Postmoderne. Stilistisch decken diese Varianten ein breites Feld ab – vom Funktionalismus über Strukturalismus, Brutalismus bis zum postmodernen „anything goes“. Dass diese Strömungen in ihrer Begriffsdefinition sowie in der Abgrenzung zueinander teils große Ungenauigkeiten aufweisen, verdeutlicht der Begriff der Nachkriegsmoderne, der sich auf das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges bezieht und dabei andere Konflikte außer Acht lässt. In manchen osteuropäischen Ländern spricht man daher eher von Ostmoderne oder Sozmoderne. Unabhängig von der Wirkungsweise der Begriffe ragt die Moderne in verschiedensten Szenarien in unser alltägliches Leben hinein. Dieses Heft zeigt die Vielfalt solcher Situationen an verschiedenen Orten: bei der Betrachtung von Fassaden im Straßenraum, im Museum für Gegenwartskunst, an der Bushaltestelle oder beim Stadtlauf. Die Moderne ist so allgegenwärtig, dass ihre Werte, aber auch ihre Verletzlichkeit gerade deshalb oft nicht erkannt und erfasst werden. Mit dem Problem einer voreingenommenen Wahrnehmung und fehlenden Auseinandersetzung kämpfen zurzeit viele Denkmalämter und bürgerschaftliche Initiativen, die sich zunehmend mit den Baubeständen der Moderne beschäftigen. Das vorliegende Heft bildet eine Spurensuche nach verschiedenen Szenarien der Moderne ab, die ganz bewusst abseits der breiten Pfade verläuft. Dabei versucht das Heft, die schillernden Facetten und die trotz allem große Bindekraft des Moderne-Begriffes aus verschiedenen Perspektiven zu beleuchten und zu ergründen

Comment on: Successful use of nitrous oxide during lumbar punctures: a call for nitrous oxide in pediatric oncology clinics

No abstract available

Allergic-like reactions to asparaginase: Atypical allergies without asparaginase inactivation

Background: Asparaginase is an important component of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. Unfortunately, this treatment is hampered by hypersensitivity reactions. In general, allergies – regardless of severity – cause complete inactivation of the drug. However, we report atypical allergic reactions without inactivation of asparaginase, here called allergic-like reactions. Procedure: Patients with an allergic-like reaction, who were treated according to the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL-11 or the CoALL 08–09 protocol, were described. The reactions were identified by continual measurement of asparaginase activity levels. Characteristics, including timing of occurrence, symptoms, grade, and the presence of antiasparaginase antibodies, were compared to those of real allergies. Results: Fourteen allergic-like reactions occurred in nine patients. Five reactions were to PEGasparaginase and nine to Erwinia asparaginase. Allergic-like reactions occurred relatively late after the start of infusion compared to real allergies. Antibodies were absent in all but one patient with an allergic-like reaction, while they were detected in all patients with a real allergy. Symptoms and grade did not differ between the groups. Asparaginase was continued with the same formulation in six patients of whom four finished treatment with adequate activity levels. Conclusions: In conclusion, allergic-like reactions occur relatively late after the start of infusion and without antibodies. Despite these clinical differences, allergic-like reactions can only be distinguished from real allergies by continually measuring asparaginase activity levels. If clinically tolerated, formulations should not be switched in case of allergic-like reactions. Moreover, failure to recognize these reactions may lead to a less favorable prognosis if asparaginase therapy is terminated unnecessarily

Integrating copy number data of 64 iAMP21 BCP-ALL patients narrows the common region of amplification to 1.57 Mb

Background and purposeIntrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is a rare subtype of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). It is unknown how iAMP21 contributes to leukaemia. The currently known commonly amplified region is 5.1 Mb.MethodsWe aimed to narrow down the common region of amplification by using high resolution techniques. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used to determine copy number aberrations, Affymetrix U133 Plus2 expression arrays were used to determine gene expression. Genome-wide expression correlations were evaluated using Globaltest.ResultsWe narrowed down the common region of amplification by combining copy number data from 12 iAMP21 cases with 52 cases from literature. The combined common region of amplification was 1.57 Mb, located from 36.07 to 37.64 Mb (GRCh38). This region is located telomeric from, but not including, RUNX1, which is the locus commonly used to diagnose iAMP21. This narrow region, which falls inside the Down Syndrome critical region, includes 13 genes of which the expression of eight genes was significantly upregulated compared with 143 non-iAMP21 B-other cases. Among these, transcriptional repressor RIPPLY3 (also known as DSCR6) was the highest overexpressed gene (fold change = 4.2, FDR DiscussionThe more precise definition of the common region of amplification could be beneficial in the diagnosis of iAMP21 based on copy number analysis from DNA sequencing or arrays as well as stimulate functional research into the role of the included genes in iAMP21 biology.</p

Consensus definitions of 14 severe acute toxic effects for childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment: a Delphi consensus

Although there are high survival rates for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, their outcome is often counterbalanced by the burden of toxic effects. This is because reported frequencies vary widely across studies, partly because of diverse definitions of toxic effects. Using the Delphi method, 15 international childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia study groups assessed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia protocols to address toxic effects that were to be considered by the Ponte di Legno working group. 14 acute toxic effects (hypersensitivity to asparaginase, hyperlipidaemia, osteonecrosis, asparaginase-associated pancreatitis, arterial hypertension, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, methotrexate-related stroke-like syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, high-dose methotrexate-related nephrotoxicity, sinusoidal obstructive syndrome, thromboembolism, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) that are serious but too rare to be addressed comprehensively within any single group, or are deemed to need consensus definitions for reliable incidence comparisons, were selected for assessment. Our results showed that none of the protocols addressed all 14 toxic effects, that no two protocols shared identical definitions of all toxic effects, and that no toxic effect definition was shared by all protocols. Using the Delphi method over three face-to-face plenary meetings, consensus definitions were obtained for all 14 toxic effects. In the overall assessment of outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment, these expert opinion-based definitions will allow reliable comparisons of frequencies and severities of acute toxic effects across treatment protocols, and facilitate international research on cause, guidelines for treatment adaptation, preventive strategies, and development of consensus algorithms for reporting on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment