Education, First Occupation and Later Occupational Attainment: Cross-cohort Changes among Men and Women in Britain

This paper examines cohort and gender differences in occupational attainment in Britain. Using data from the three British Birth Cohort studies, I investigate the process of occupational attainment up to age 34 using a scale based on occupational earnings. Although qualifications appear to have stronger effects on occupational attainment for women than for men at both labour market entry and in the midthirties, I find no consistent evidence that the importance of qualifications is becoming greater across cohorts, either for men or for women. Also, there are no indications that the effects of occupation at labour market entry on men’s and women’s later occupational attainment have been strengthening over time. However, the findings do point to the possibility of cohort-specific effects: the experience of men and women in the 1958 cohort consistently differs from that of those in both the 1946 and 1970 cohorts

On generators and presentations of semidirect products in inverse semigroups

In this paper we prove two main results. The first is a necessary and sufficient condition for a semidirect product of a semilattice by a group to be finitely generated. The second result is a necessary and sufficient condition for such a semidirect product to be finitely presented.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Class Origins, Education and Occupational Attainment: Cross-cohort Changes among Men in Britain

Studies of intergenerational class mobility and of intragenerational occupational mobility have of late tended to diverge in their concerns and methodology. This reflects assumptions regarding the increasing part played by education in intergenerational mobility and the decreasing part played by class origins in intragenerational mobility, once educational attainment is controlled. The paper contributes to the questioning of these assumptions on empirical grounds. Analyses are made of the occupational mobility of men in three British birth cohorts over the course of their earlier working lives :i.e. men born in 1946, 1958 and 1970. It is found that while the most important effect on mobility chances is that of educational qualifications, the importance of education does not increase across the three cohorts; that class origins also have a significant effect on mobility chances, and one that does not decrease across the cohorts; and that features of worklife experience, in particular the frequency of occupational changes, likewise have a persisting effect on mobility chances, independently of both education and class origins. However, while secular changes in mobility processes are scarcely in evidence, the analyses do provide strong indications of a cohort effect. Men in the 1958 birth cohort, whose first years in the labour market coincided with a period of severe recession, de-industrialisation and high unemployment, would appear to have experienced various lasting disadvantages in their subsequent occupational histories

Real characters in blocks

We consider real versions of Brauer's k(B) conjecture, Olsson's conjecture and Eaton's conjecture. We prove the real version of Eaton's conjecture for 2-blocks of groups with cyclic defect group and for the principal 2-blocks of groups with trivial real core. We also characterize G-classes, real and rational G-classes of the defect group of a block B

The impact of education reform in Romania between 1989-2020 on the regulation and decentralization of early childhood education

Romania inherited a tightly controlled and strictly regulated mass education system from socialism, which inevitably has gone through a systematic reform. However, transformation or change of any education system does not take place for its own sake, but it is intended to meet certain social and political challenges and requirements. Therefore, the present study investigates the significant changes that have taken place in early childhood education (ECE) in Romania since the collapse of the Ceausescu regime in 1989. Specifically, the impact of the reform measures on ECE provision is examined in relation to curriculum content and structure. Explanation of how to investigate education have been central to the present research. The analysis of documentary data corpus identified three main themes reflecting the changes that took place: (i) the introduction of education reforms, (ii) the emergence of educational pluralism, (iii) the various iterations of the early childhood curriculum. Findings suggest that decentralisation processes led to the spread of alternative pedagogies in ECE add the findings about curriculum content change our investigation offers a detailed picture of the educational processes of decentralization and the changes it has brought in the early childhood curriculum

Costs and consequences in perioperative care: Analytic models in studies on pain treatment and on haemodynamic optimization of elderly patients

ABSTRACT Background Because resources are scarce in health care, costs and consequences of new interventions must be assessed to support informed policy decisions. This thesis analyses the cost-effectiveness of advanced postoperative pain treatment and perioperative haemodynamic optimization by applying decision modelling as an analytic framework. 1. Postoperative pain treatment refers to epidural analgesia and to patient-controlled in travenous analgesia. Based on the superior analgesic effect found in clinical trials, epidural analgesia is regarded as the gold standard following major surgery, but a drawback is the high failure rate (10–15%). Considering that approximately 40 000 patients are treated by epidural analgesia per year in Sweden, costs and consequences of this clinical problem are substantial. 2. Haemodynamic optimization refers to fluid protocols targeted to increase blood flow, referred to as goal-directed haemodynamic treatment. These protocols are beneficial in the perioperative care of high-risk patients, but there is lack of evidence in elderly patients. In Sweden 20 000 patients are operated on each year for proximal femoral fracture, with poor postoperative outcome. Large trials are required to assess whether any protocol of the goaldirected haemodynamic treatment is beneficial in the elderly population, in terms of outcome and health care costs. Considering the cost and complexity of such a trial, a prior costeffectiveness analysis might be adequate to guide the initiation of such a trial. Methods 1. Epidural analgesia vs. patient-controlled intravenous analgesia: Paper I: A decision-analytic cost-effectiveness model was developed to analyse data of a clinical database on pain treatment following major abdominal surgery. Paper II: Postoperative intensive care costs were analysed on data from patients included in a previously published trial on postoperative pain treatment following thoracoabdominal oesophagectomy. 2. Goal-directed haemodynamic treatment vs. traditional fluid treatment in elderly patients: Paper III: A decision-analytic cost-effectiveness model was developed, and relevant data from published trials and national registries were analysed. As the clinical outcome for elderly patients was previously unknown, reasonable estimates are applied in the model. Paper IV: The prior cost-effectiveness analysis (Paper III) guided the initiation of a large (n = 460) randomized clinical trial in elderly patients with proximal femoral fracture, and interim analyses of safety and efficacy were conducted (n = 100). Given the interim efficacy data, the monetary value of further data collection was analysed by calculating the expected value of perfect information. Results 1. The epidural analgesia is not cost-effective and no saving of the postoperative costs can be achieved, given the available evidence in Swedish clinical routine (Papers I–II). 2. The goal-directed haemodynamic treatment is predicted to be cost-effective in elderly patients, based on the available evidence and on the prior estimates of clinical outcome before the initiation of the trial. The expected value of perfect information is high, indicating that collecting further data by continuing the trial is potentially worthwhile (Papers III–IV). Conclusions 1. The analyses of epidural analgesia challenge its position as the gold standard and may assist revision of clinical policy decisions on postoperative pain treatment. 2. The analyses of the goal-directed haemodynamic treatment in elderly patients using a decision-analytic cost-effectiveness model suggest the usefulness of the initiation and continuation of a large clinical trial

The Transformation of Hungarian Production Cooperatives and Future Consequences

This research examines the transformation of Hungarian agricultural production cooperatives. In contrast to early expectations, cooperatives did not experience much membership loss. Rather, the enterprises held together, although they downsized. The distribution of collective assets occurred quickly and created much tension. The sector experienced a severe decapitalization, and the efficiency of the sector fell. There was a sharp rise in unemployment. Sales and marketing were disrupted. Thus, the cooperatives transformed in a very hostile situation. They survived, and some prospered, yet, in general, they remain vulnerable to adverse economic developments. Healthy cooperatives will be vital to the success of smaller private farms.Agribusiness,

Verordnungen über die Bestattungen in den mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Quellen aus dem Szeklerland

Written sources indicate that burials inside churches and within the churchyard enjoyed a special status throughout the Szekler region. For both Catholics and Protestants, burials in the church, mainly around the communion table, had a particular status linked to the belief that the chances for resurrection on the day of the Last Judgement were higher for those who were closer to the saints, to the sanctuary. Nobles, donors and benefactors of the church as well as clergymen would normally be buried there. However, the church allowed every social category to have a grave in the church against a certain amount of money. Burials in the church and in the churchyard were regulated by several ecclesiastic decrees that were disregarded most of the times. The austerity measures in the church protocols give us some information about those situations. In the Middle Ages the church was packed with graves, which, at the beginning of the early modern period, led to decisions to confine burials to the church crypt alone. However, the ecclesiastical regulations did not have the expected results of moving the cemetery outside the inhabited space. At the end of the 18th century, at the initiative of the secular authorities, began an evacuation process on sanitary considerations that ended only at the end of the 19th century and during which cemeteries were moved from inside the church to the churchyard