A Practical Score for Prediction of Outcome After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Background: Most patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) have independent survival in the short term. However, identification of high-risk individuals with an unfavorable outcome is a challenging task. We aimed to develop a CVT grading scale (CVT-GS) to aid in the short-term clinical decision-making.Methods: We included 467 consecutive patients with CVT who were hospitalized from 1981 to 2015 in two third-level referral hospitals. Factors associated with 30-day mortality were selected with bivariate analyses to integrate a Cox proportional-hazards model to determine components of the final scoring. After the scale was configured, the prognostic performance was tested for prediction of short-term death or moderately impaired to death [modified Rankin scale (mRS) > 2]. CVT-GS was categorized as mild, moderate or severe for the prediction of 30-day fatality rate and a probability of mRS > 2.Results: The 30-day case fatality rate was 9.0%. The CVT-GS (0–13 points; more points predicting poorer outcomes) was composed of parenchymal lesion size > 6 cm (3 points), bilateral Babinski signs (3 points), male sex (2 points), parenchymal hemorrhage (2 points), and level of consciousness (coma: 3 points, stupor: 2, somnolence: 1, and alert: 0). CVT was categorized as mild (0–2 points, 0.4% fatality rate), moderate (3–7 points, 9.9% fatality rate), or severe (8–13 points, 61.4% fatality rate). The CVT-GS had an accuracy of 91.6% for the prediction of 30-day mortality and 85.3% for mRS > 2.Conclusions: CVT-GS is a practical clinical tool for prediction of outcome after CVT. This score may aid in clinical decision-making and could serve to stratify patients enrolled in clinical trials

Granulomatous hypophysitis by Mycobacterium gordonae in a non HIV-infected patient

Lymphocytic or granulomatous hypophysitis is a rare entity with a difficult diagnosis. Our objective was to report a patient with non-tuberculous granulomatous hypophysitis. An HIV-negative 45-year old man with confusional state, subacute ophthalmoplegia, and clinical and laboratory findings of panhypopituitarism was seen in the emergency unit. A cranial MRI showed a sellar mass suggestive of hypophysitis. After an unsuccessful attempt with steroids and antituberculous drugs the patient died. Post-mortem histopathology revealed granulomatous lesions and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium gordonae’s DNA. In conclusion, we should consider granulomatous hypophysitis in the differential diagnosis of non-secreting hypophyseal tumors. The etiology of a pituitary granuloma by a non-tuberculous mycobacteria is best reached by histopathological techniques and molecular assays. The optimal therapy is yet to be established

Cluster headache: an update on clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Cluster headache (CH) is one of the worst primary headaches that remain underdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. There are recent advances in the understanding of this disease and available treatments. This paper aims to review CH's recent clinical and pathophysiological findings, diagnosis, and treatment. We performed a narrative literature review on the socio-demographics, clinical presentations, pathophysiological findings, and diagnosis and treatment of CH. CH affects 0.1% of the population with an incidence of 2.07–9.8/100,00 person-years-habitants, a mean prevalence of 53/100,000 inhabitants (3–150/100,000 inhabitants). The male-to-female ratio remains inconclusive, as the ratio of 4.3:1 has recently been modified to 1.3–2.6, possibly due to previous misdiagnosis in women. Episodic presentation is the most frequent (80%). It is a polygenetic and multifactorial entity that involves dysfunction of the trigeminovascular system, the trigeminal autonomic reflex, and the hypothalamic networks. An MRI of the brain is mandatory to exclude secondary etiologies. There are effective and safe pharmacological treatments oxygen, sphenopalatine, and great occipital nerve block, with the heterogeneity of clinical trial designs for patients with CH divided into acute, transitional, or bridge treatment (prednisone) and preventive interventions. In conclusion, CH remains underdiagnosed, mainly due to a lack of awareness within the medical community, frequently causing a long delay in reaching a final diagnosis. Recent advances in understanding the principal risk factors and underlying pathophysiology exist. There are new therapeutic possibilities that are effective for CH. Indeed, a better understanding of this challenging pathology will continue to be a subject of research, study, and discoveries in its diagnostic and therapeutic approach

Optogenetic and Chemogenic Control of Pain Signaling: Molecular Markers

Pain is a complex experience that involves physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects. This review focuses specifically on the physiological processes underlying pain perception, with a particular emphasis on the various types of sensory neurons involved in transmitting pain signals to the central nervous system. Recent advances in techniques like optogenetics and chemogenetics have allowed researchers to selectively activate or inactivate specific neuronal circuits, offering a promising avenue for developing more effective pain management strategies. The article delves into the molecular targets of different types of sensory fibers such as channels, for example, TRPV1 in C-peptidergic fiber, TRPA1 in C-non-peptidergic receptors expressed differentially as MOR and DOR, and transcription factors, and their colocalization with the vesicular transporter of glutamate, which enable researchers to identify specific subtypes of neurons within the pain pathway and allows for selective transfection and expression of opsins to modulate their activity

Pr�tesis de cuerpo vertebral JR: dispositivo modular, anat�mico y expandible, con funci�n de jaula y placa dise�ada ad hoc para estabilizar la columna despu�s de corpectom�a

INTRODUCCI�N: debido a los resultados cl�nicos no satisfactorios con instrumentaciones posteriores en los casos de tumor vertebral y a las carencias econ�micas de nuestros pacientes para adquirir los sistemas disponibles en el mercado, fue dise�ada una pr�tesis de cuerpo vertebral para estabilizar la columna despu�s de una corpectom�a. OBJETIVO: describir las caracter�sticas estructurales y funcionales de la pr�tesis JR, las pruebas biomec�nicas en cad�ver y la t�cnica quir�rgica en el paciente. M�TODOS: primeramente fue realizado un estudio anat�mico detallado de los cuerpos vertebrales. Se obtuvo el dise�o de un dispositivo modular, anat�mico y expandible. Sus componentes una vez ensamblados hacen un implante con funci�n dual de jaula y placa lateral expandibles. Posteriormente se efectu� un ensayo de propiedades biomec�nicas en cad�ver y se implant� un dispositivo en un paciente con met�stasis en cuerpo vertebral. RESULTADOS: las radiograf�as que le fueron tomadas al cad�ver, posterior a la colocaci�n del implante, no mostraron p�rdida de la fijaci�n. Al levantar el cad�ver se generaron momentos de flexi�n en sentido lateral con brazos de palanca de 80 cm de largo, por lo que la pr�tesis fue demandada en su punto m�s vulnerable con una fuerza de aproximadamente 588 N. Con la rotaci�n, flexi�n y extensi�n forzadas, la estabilidad se conserv� y no se visualiz� movimiento del implante. Se coloc� el dispositivo en una mujer de 50 a�os con c�ncer metast�sico de tiroides que afectaba L3. El dolor mejor� en el postoperatorio inmediato, as� como su funci�n motora que le permiti� caminar con una columna estable e indolora por siete a�os. No se observ� fracaso del implante. CONCLUSI�N: la funci�n dual de jaula y placa integrada en la pr�tesis de cuerpo vertebral establece una ventaja mec�nica comparada con la funci�n de la jaula y de la placa separadamente, ya que el dise�o de la pr�tesis permite aplicar fuerza axial y fijaci�n lateral al mismo tiempo, a trav�s de solo un implante. Los resultados de la colocaci�n del implante en paciente son satisfactorios

Prevalencia de enfermedad carotidea en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en el Distrito Federal, México

Introducción: la enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es causa del 15% de los infartos cerebrales. Su prevalencia podría ser alta en la población latinoamericana, pero esta información es escasa. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia, severidad y factores de riesgo de la ECA en población mexicana que asiste a un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y Métodos: se revisaron 545 expedientes clínicos de pacientes a quienes se les realizó ultrasonido de carótidas, en un período de 23 meses. Se analizó la prevalencia y severidad de la ECA, y se compararon los factores de riesgo entre pacientes con y sin esta patología. Resultados: la prevalencia de ECA fue del 54.7% (IC95°/o: 50.5% al 58.8%): leve 48% y moderada-severa 7%. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (64.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), edad mayor o igual a 65 años (64.4%, ECA moderada-severa: 84.2%), hipercolesterolemia (47.5%, ECA moderada-severa: 60.5%) y diabetes mellitus (40%, ECA moderada-severa: 44.7%). Un 29% tenían historia de infarto cerebral. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron estatinas o fibratos (68.3%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), antiagregantes (62%, ECA moderada a severa: 86.8%) e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (42.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 71.1%). De los 38 pacientes con ECA moderada-severa, 13 (34.2%) se sometieron a revascularización carotídea (12 endarterectomía y 1 endoprótesis más angioplastia). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de ECA en esta población mexicana es similar a la informada en otros países. La mayoría de los pacientes son manejados conservadoramente. Debe hacerse énfasis en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la ECA