Stres ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkide, sosyal desteğin (alınan ve algılanan) düzenleyici etkisi: kontrol odağının önemi

The aim of the present study was to investigate the moderator role of different types of social support (perceived vs. received) on the relationship between stress and health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and physical health) among the Turkish freshmen university students (with internal vs. external locus of control). In order to measure received social support, The Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) (Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsay, 1981), was adapted into Turkish culture in Study 1 by using Middle East Technical University (METU) students from various departments. The sample of Study 2 consisted of 224 METU freshman students from several departments. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with perceived/received social support and stress (frequency, intensity, general) as independent variables and depression, anxiety, and general physical health problems as dependent variables for internal locus of control and external locus of control students separately. The findings suggested that for both internals and externals, stress intensity, stress frequency, and general stress predicted depression, anxiety, and general physical health problems for both perceived and received social support. Different patterns of relationships were found among perceived/received social support, stress (frequency, intensity, general), and the outcome variables (depression, anxiety, general physical health problems) for internal locus of control and external locus of control students. The findings and strengths as well as the limitations of the study were discussed.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Development of self-esteem and relationship satisfaction in couples: Two longitudinal studies

We examined the effects of self-esteem development on the development of relationship satisfaction in 2 samples of couples. Study 1 used data from both partners of 885 couples assessed 5 times over 12 years, and Study 2 used data from both partners of 6,116 couples assessed 3 times over 15 years. The pattern of results was similar across the 2 studies. First, development of relationship satisfaction could be modeled as a couple-level process. Second, initial level of self-esteem of each partner predicted the initial level of the partners’ common relationship satisfaction, and change in self-esteem of each partner predicted change in the partners’ common relationship satisfaction. Third, these effects did not differ by gender and held when controlling for participants’ age, length of relationship, health, and employment status. Fourth, self-esteem similarity among partners did not influence the development of their relationship satisfaction. The findings suggest that the development of self-esteem in both partners of a couple contributes in a meaningful way to the development of the partners’ common satisfaction with their relationship

Self-esteem and the quality of romantic relationships

The relation between self-esteem and romantic relationships has been the focus of many research studies. In this article, we review theoretical perspectives and available evidence on (a) the effect of people's self-esteem on the quality of their romantic relationships, (b) the effect of self-esteem similarity between partners on relationship quality, and (c) the psychological mechanisms that might account for the link between self-esteem and relationship quality. Overall, the evidence suggests that high self-esteem is beneficial in romantic relationships. Furthermore, research using data from both partners of couples suggests that high self-esteem has a positive effect also on the partner's happiness with the relationship. However, research indicates that the degree of self-esteem similarity between partners does not influence the couple's relationship satisfaction. Although evidence suggests that perceived regard and secure attachment between the partners explains why self-esteem is beneficial in romantic relationships, future research is needed to examine in more detail the mechanisms through which self-esteem contributes to a happy relationship

Adaptation, reliability and validity study of the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors

Objective: To test the reliability and the validity of the Turkish version of the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) that measures the amount of social support received within the last month. Methods: The scale is made up of three subscales, namely, guidance, emotional support, and tangible assistance, which measure the amount of received social support. The sample consisted of 317 Middle East Technical University students from different departments and various grades. Besides ISSB, Beck Depression Inventory and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were administered to the participants to test the validity of the Turkish version of the scale. Results: The results of the factor analysis were consistent with the previous studies. The analyses showed that the Turkish form of ISSB has satisfactory reliability and validity values. Discussion: The results of the study, which was conducted due to the need for a Turkish received social support scale, were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2012; 13:210-215

Sosyal Destek Davranışları Ölçeğinin uyarlama güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması

Son bir ay içinde alınan sosyal destek düzeyini ölçen Sosyal Destek Davranışları Ölçeğini (SDDÖ) Türkçeye uyarlamak ve Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini test etmektir. Ölçek, yol gösterme, duygusal destek ve somut yardım olmak üzere üç alanda alınan sosyal desteği ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi’nin farklı sınıf ve bölümlerinden 317 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Geçerlilik için katılımcılardan SDDÖ’nün yanı sıra, depresyon ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğini de doldurmaları istenmiştir. Sonuçlar: Faktör analizi sonuçları önceki çalışmaların bulguları ile tutarlıdır. Analiz sonuçları SDDÖ’nün Türkçe formunun yeterli güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik değerlerine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Tartışma: Türkçe alınan sosyal destek ölçeğine duyulan gereksinim göz önünde bulundurularak yapılan çalışmanın sonuçları ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.To test the reliability and the validity of the Turkish version of the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) that measures the amount of social support received within the last month. Methods: The scale is made up of three subscales, namely, guidance, emotional support, and tangible assistance, which measure the amount of received social support. The sample consisted of 317 Middle East Technical University students from different departments and various grades. Besides ISSB, Beck Depression Inventory and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were administered to the participants to test the validity of the Turkish version of the scale. Results: The results of the factor analysis were consistent with the previous studies. The analyses showed that the Turkish form of ISSB has satisfactory reliability and validity values. Discussion: The results of the study, which was conducted due to the need for a Turkish received social support scale, were discussed in the light of the relevant literatur

Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

To investigate the normative trajectory of self-esteem across the life span, this meta-analysis synthesizes the available longitudinal data on mean-level change in self-esteem. The analyses were based on 331 independent samples, including data from 164,868 participants. As effect size measure, we used the standardized mean change d per year. The mean age associated with the effect sizes ranged from 4 to 94 years. Results showed that average levels of self-esteem increased from age 4 to 11 years (cumulative d = 0.34; cumulative ds are relative to age 4), remained stable from age 11 to 15, increased strongly until age 30 (cumulative d = 1.05), continued to increase until age 60 (cumulative d = 1.30), peaked at age 60 and remained constant until age 70, declined slightly until age 90 (cumulative d = 1.15), and declined more strongly until age 94 (cumulative d = 0.76). Moderator analyses were conducted for the full set of samples and for the subset of samples between ages 10 to 20 years. Although the measure of self-esteem accounted for differences in effect sizes, the moderator analyses suggested that the pattern of mean-level change held across gender, country, ethnicity, sample type, and birth cohort. The meta-analytic findings clarify previously unresolved issues about the nature and magnitude of self-esteem change in specific developmental periods (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and old age) and draw a much more precise picture of the life span trajectory of self-esteem

Development of domain-specific self-evaluations: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

This meta-analysis investigated the normative development of domain-specific self-evaluations (also referred to as self-concept or domain-specific self-esteem) by synthesizing the available longitudinal data on mean-level change. Eight domains of self-evaluations were assessed: academic abilities, athletic abilities, physical appearance, morality, romantic relationships, social acceptance, mathematics, and verbal abilities. Analyses were based on data from 143 independent samples which included 112,204 participants. As the effect size measure, we used the standardized mean change d per year. The mean age associated with effect sizes ranged from 5 to 28 years. Overall, developmental trajectories of self-evaluations were positive in the domains of academic abilities, social acceptance, and romantic relationships. In contrast, self-evaluations showed negative developmental trajectories in the domains of morality, mathematics, and verbal abilities. Little mean-level change was observed for self-evaluations of physical appearance and athletic abilities. Moderator analyses were conducted for the full set of samples and for the subset of samples between ages 10 and 16 years. The moderator analyses indicated that the pattern of findings held across demographic characteristics of the samples, including gender and birth cohort. The meta-analytic dataset consisted largely of Western and White/European samples, pointing to the need of conducting more research with non-Western and ethnically diverse samples. The meta-analytic findings suggest that the notion that self-evaluations generally show a substantial decline in the transition from early to middle childhood should be revised. Also, the findings did not support the notion that self-evaluations reach a critical low point in many domains in early adolescence

Codevelopment of well-being and self-esteem in romantic partners: Disentangling the effects of mutual influence and shared environment

Common sense suggests that romantic partners tend to be interdependent in their well-being and self-esteem. The authors tested the degree to which codevelopment in romantic partners (i.e., development in similar directions) is due to mutual influence between partners or due to the effects of shared environment, using longitudinal data from 5 samples of couples (N = 4,116 participants). The samples included dating, cohabiting, and married couples, with a broad age range covering young adulthood to old age. The authors used a longitudinal version of the actor-partner interdependence model and examined measures of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and depression) and self-esteem. After conducting the study-level analyses, we meta-analytically aggregated the findings across studies. The results showed significant mutual influence between partners in life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and depression, and significant effects of shared environment on life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, depression, and self-esteem. The findings suggest that both mutual influence and shared environment account for codevelopment of well-being in romantic partners. In contrast, only shared environment but not mutual influence contributes to the partners’ codevelopment of self-esteem. The findings have important implications because they show that the level of well-being of a person’s relationship partner has long-term influence on the person’s own well-being

Codevelopment of Well-Being and Self-Esteem Among Romantic Partners: Disentangling the Effects of Mutual Influence and Shared Environment

Common sense suggests that romantic partners tend to be interdependent in their well-being and self-esteem. The authors tested the degree to which codevelopment in romantic partners (i.e., development in similar directions) is due to mutual influence between partners or due to the effects of shared environment, using longitudinal data from 5 samples of couples (N = 4,116 participants). The samples included dating, cohabiting, and married couples, with a broad age range covering young adulthood to old age. The authors used a longitudinal version of the actor-partner interdependence model and examined measures of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and depression) and self-esteem. After conducting the study-level analyses, we meta-analytically aggregated the findings across studies. The results showed significant mutual influence between partners in life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and depression, and significant effects of shared environment on life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, depression, and self-esteem. The findings suggest that both mutual influence and shared environment account for codevelopment of well-being in romantic partners. In contrast, only shared environment but not mutual influence contributes to the partners’ codevelopment of self-esteem. The findings have important implications because they show that the level of well-being of a person’s relationship partner has long-term influence on the person’s own well-being