In search of sustainable values

Fundamental to policies of sustainable development is the assumption that values will not depreciate through time. This assumption is inconsistent with the economic approach to policy-making. Economic analysis, by interpreting social values in terms of money, necessarily discounts values in the future. Accordingly, if the interests of future generations are to be served, moral and economic values must be shown to be essentially incommensurable, and moral values must predominate in policy analyses. The distinction between economic and moral values is enumerated with twelve contrasting characteristics, five of which are given careful elaboration: a) "economic man" (a utility maximiser) vs. the moral agent (rule-oriented evaluator); b) the marketplace vs. the community; c) ecocentric vs. "spectator" point of view; d) non-moral values vs. moral values; and e) time preference (discounting) vs. time neutrality.discounting; future generations; moral agency; posterity; sustainability; sustainable development.

Extension of Life-Span by Loss of CHICO, a \u3ci\u3eDrosophila\u3c/i\u3e Insulin Receptor Substrate Protein

The Drosophila melanogaster gene chico encodes an insulin receptor substrate that functions in an insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, insulin/IGF signaling regulates adult longevity. We found that mutation of chico extends fruit fl y median life-span by up to 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes. Extension of life-span was not a result of impaired oogenesis in chico females, nor was it consistently correlated with increased stress resistance. The dwarf phenotype of chico homozygotes was also unnecessary for extension of life-span. The role of insulin/IGF signaling in regulating animal aging is therefore evolutionarily conserved

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis using combined strategies on a breast cancer patient with a novel genomic deletion in BRCA2

PURPOSE: To perform Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) on a paternal Brca2 unknown mutation carrier with early-onset breast cancer, whose paternal grandmother and mother had breast cancer at 60s. METHOD: Elucidating the linkage via single sperm haplotyping on patient's carrier brother, and identifying the genomic deletion via BLAST followed by PCR screening. PGD was subsequently conducted. RESULT: The mutant allele was found by using 4 microsatellite and 2 intragenic SNP markers. Recombination was detected in 8 % of sperms. BLAST was utilized to locate putative hairpin structure(s), followed by PCR screening with seven sets of primers. A novel 2,596 bp deletion containing exon 15 ~ 16 was identified. Due to the severity of phenotype and the integrity of exon 11 encoding RAD51 binding domain, and the fact that the patient's mother also had breast cancer at her 60s, we speculate a possible coexistence of maternal breast cancer risk allele(s). Embryo biopsy was performed on day 3. Unaffected morula and blastocyst were replaced on day 5, resulting in a singleton livebirth. A breast lump appeared in the patient after delivery without the presence of malignant cells. CONCLUSION: Concerning the assisted reproductive option for breast cancer patients, the possibility of coexistence of multiple familial risk alleles and the significance of each mutation to the phenotype should be evaluated. To eliminate misdiagnosis resulting from recombination and/or allelic drop-out, both direct mutation detection and linkage analysis approaches may be necessary. BLAST is a very useful and cost-effective tool for identifying large genomic deletion