7 research outputs found
Epidemic and Endemic Malaria Transmission Related to Fish Farming Ponds in the Amazon Frontier
<div><p>Fish farming in the Amazon has been stimulated as a solution to increase economic development. However, poorly managed fish ponds have been sometimes associated with the presence of <i>Anopheles</i> spp. and consequently, with malaria transmission. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in the state of Acre (and more closely within a single county) to investigate the potential links between aquaculture and malaria transmission in this region. At the state level, we classified the 22 counties into three malaria endemicity patterns, based on the correlation between notification time series. Furthermore, the study period (2003–2013) was divided into two phases (epidemic and post-epidemic). Higher fish pond construction coincided both spatially and temporally with increased rate of malaria notification. Within one malaria endemic county, we investigated the relationship between the geolocation of malaria cases (2011–2012) and their distance to fish ponds. Entomological surveys carried out in these ponds provided measurements of anopheline abundance that were significantly associated with the abundance of malaria cases within 100 m of the ponds (<i>P</i> < 0.005; r = 0.39). These results taken together suggest that fish farming contributes to the maintenance of high transmission levels of malaria in this region.</p></div
Buffer zone from 100 to 1000m around breeding sites in the urban/periurban area of Mâncio Lima, and malaria cases in 2011 and 2012.
<p>Buffer zone from 100 to 1000m around breeding sites in the urban/periurban area of Mâncio Lima, and malaria cases in 2011 and 2012.</p
Distribution of Annual Parasitic Index by county in Acre State, from 2003 to 2013.
<p>API = 0: No risk; Low API: < 10 cases; medium API: ≥ 10 and < 50 cases; high API: ≥ 50 cases.</p
Hierarchical clustering of the 22 municipalities of Acre according to the similarity of the time series of malaria incidence (2003–2013).
<p>Hierarchical clustering of the 22 municipalities of Acre according to the similarity of the time series of malaria incidence (2003–2013).</p
Time series of malaria autochthonous cases in Acre and per stratum, 2003–2013.
<p>(*) marks the 2006 epidemics when control actions were strengthened in this region.</p
Scatterplot of the number of malaria cases in 2011 and 2012 as related to the distance to the nearest fish ponds, in meters.
<p>Scatterplot of the number of malaria cases in 2011 and 2012 as related to the distance to the nearest fish ponds, in meters.</p
Number of hectares of aquaculture in Mâncio Lima estimated from harvest data in 2003 to 2006, as related to the number of malaria cases in the county.
<p>Number of hectares of aquaculture in Mâncio Lima estimated from harvest data in 2003 to 2006, as related to the number of malaria cases in the county.</p