'The Deep Slumber of Decided Opinion': How Teachers and School Administrators Understand Controversial Issues Policy

Recognition that social and global issues are important to education has re-ignited interest in policy approaches to controversial and sensitive issues(CI).Without a policy framework for CI education, educators become 'de-skilled' by their working conditions. This qualitative study researches teachers and school administrators' understanding of CI policy (CSI 2003) using a theoretical framework structured on critical democracy and a conceptual lens of critical discourse and narrative analyses. Research findings reveal CSI lacks a cogent conceptual framework; it supports curricula and board policies. Some school administrators use CSI to support the system against community-based challenges to policy and programs. In this way, the process of CSI is not democratic. Further, a critical discourse analysis reveals deeply-embedded contradictions through competing voices for authority. Teachers report feelings of fear and experiencing surveillance in conditions of inadequate and inequitable CI policy support. The findings locate inattention to students' roles is defining what (and how) CI enter the classroom. The research findings sharpen our knowledge of local-level policy activity among users. For these and other reasons, the work censures CI policy for 'white privilege' and 'liberalism.'From a theoretical perspective, the thesis asserts the need for more work on the intersections of critical policy, critical democracy and citizen engagement in policy processes.Ph

Improved growth of pea, lettuce, and radish plants using the slow release of hydrogen sulfide from GYY-4137.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key gasotransmitter in agriculture and has been reported to increase the growth of plants in the first two weeks and to mitigate the effects of environmental stressors. GYY-4137 is widely used in these studies because it slowly releases H2S, but there is disagreement as to whether it requires enzymes to release H2S. In this article we describe the release of H2S in water without enzymes and that it releases H2S faster in organic solvents than in water or when mixed in topsoil. Furthermore, we describe the long-term effect of dosing pea, radish, and lettuce plants with GYY-4137 for up to six weeks. The effect of GYY-4137 on plant growth for six weeks was either positive or negative depending on the loading of GYY-4137 and how it was applied to plants. The addition of GYY-4137 to lettuce plants via potting mix resulted in reduced growth and death of the plants. In contrast, application of GYY-4137 to the leaves of lettuce plants increased the harvest weight of the leaves by up to 86%. Our results demonstrate that GYY-4137 can have a positive, important effect on the growth of plants but that this effect is dependent on several factors

Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

The Cancer Genome Atlas profiled 279 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) to provide a comprehensive landscape of somatic genomic alterations. Here we show that human-papillomavirus-associated tumours are dominated by helical domain mutations of the oncogene PIK3CA, novel alterations involving loss of TRAF3, and amplification of the cell cycle gene E2F1. Smoking-related HNSCCs demonstrate near universal loss-of-function TP53 mutations and CDKN2A inactivation with frequent copy number alterations including amplification of 3q26/28 and 11q13/22. A subgroup of oral cavity tumours with favourable clinical outcomes displayed infrequent copy number alterations in conjunction with activating mutations of HRAS or PIK3CA, coupled with inactivating mutations of CASP8, NOTCH1 and TP53. Other distinct subgroups contained loss-of-function alterations of the chromatin modifier NSD1, WNT pathway genes AJUBA and FAT1, and activation of oxidative stress factor NFE2L2, mainly in laryngeal tumours. Therapeutic candidate alterations were identified in most HNSCCsclose9