Experiment 1: Results from a 3 (sound sequence) × 2 (valence) repeated-measures ANOVA on stimulus ratings, reaction times (RT), and phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR); and from a one-way ANOVA on tonic sympathetic arousal as estimated from spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in skin conductance.

<p>For the sound factor, only the a priori contrasts unpredictable vs. predictable and predictable vs. silence are tested.</p><p>Experiment 1: Results from a 3 (sound sequence) × 2 (valence) repeated-measures ANOVA on stimulus ratings, reaction times (RT), and phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR); and from a one-way ANOVA on tonic sympathetic arousal as estimated from spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in skin conductance.</p

Stimulus ratings (mean ± standard error) for different pictures during silence, predictable, and unpredictable sound sequence.

<p>* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .0005.</p

Experiment 4: Results from a 2 (sound sequence) × 3 (facial expression) repeated-measures ANOVA on stimulus ratings, reaction times (RT), and phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR); and from a t-test on tonic sympathetic arousal as estimated from spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in skin conductance.

<p>Experiment 4: Results from a 2 (sound sequence) × 3 (facial expression) repeated-measures ANOVA on stimulus ratings, reaction times (RT), and phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR); and from a t-test on tonic sympathetic arousal as estimated from spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in skin conductance.</p

Percentage of negative ratings, and reaction times (RT), and picture-associated phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR), for experiments 1–4.

<p>Percentage of negative ratings, and reaction times (RT), and picture-associated phasic sympathetic arousal as estimated from skin conductance responses (SCR), for experiments 1–4.</p

Design overview of the 6 experiments.

<p>Design overview of the 6 experiments.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.

<p>Values represent the mean (± standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>MWT-B IQ, Multiple Choice Vocabulary IQ <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045884#pone.0045884-Merz1" target="_blank">[35]</a>; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045884#pone.0045884-Kay1" target="_blank">[36]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045884#pone.0045884-Lepine1" target="_blank">[37]</a>; RHS, Revised Hallucination Scale, 6-item visual score <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045884#pone.0045884-Morrison1" target="_blank">[38]</a>.</p

Schematic showing the crowding experiment and selected examples of stimuli used in the experiment.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> A fixation point was first presented for 1500 ms, followed by a target/distracter array (4° spacing/10° eccentricity condition shown here) for 60 ms. Then, a mask appeared for 200 ms. Finally, a response screen displaying a fixation point was shown and the subjects were required to register whether they saw an upright or 90° tilted target “T” by pressing a key. <b>Panel B:</b> 2° spacing/10° eccentricity condition (top left); 8° spacing/10° eccentricity condition (top right); target-only/10° eccentricity condition, 90° tilted target “T” (bottom left); 8° spacing/8° eccentricity condition (bottom right).</p

Accuracy and fitted logistic curves as a function of spacing at 8° eccentricity (panel A) and 10° eccentricity (panel B) in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.

<p>Vertical dotted lines indicate critical spacing. Values represent the mean ± standard error of mean.</p

Raw fMRI data of controls and patients

Raw fMRI data of 14 healthy controls (HC) and 15 chronic low back pain patients (CLBP). Subject had to perform a motor imagery (MI) task during scanning session

Brain activity of the chronic Low Back Pain (LBP) group, peak activations.

<p>Cluster maxima of brain activity of the video clips of activities of daily living (“Activities”) and walking activities (“Walking”) together. All results are false discovery rate corrected (FDR, q<0.05). MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute, STG = superior temporal gyrus, MTG = middle temporal gyrus, MFG = middle frontal gyrus, OL = occipital lobe, SPL = superior parietal lobule, IPL = inferior parietal lobule, PreCG = precentral gyrus, DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.</p