The mtDNA diversity of captive ruffed lemurs (Varecia spp.): Implications for conservation

Ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata and V. rubra) are considered Critically Endangered, and genetic studies are therefore needed for assessing the conservation value of captive populations. Using 280 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences, we studied the genetic diversity and structure of captive ruffed lemurs in Madagascar, Europe and North America. We found 10 new haplotypes, one from the European captive V. rubra population, three from captive V. variegata subcincta (one from Europe and two from Madagascar), and six from other captive V. variegata in Madagascar. There was low mtDNA genetic diversity in the European and North American captive populations of V. variegata. Several founder individuals shared the same mtDNA haplotype, and therefore should perhaps not be considered as unrelated founders for making breeding recommendations. The captive population in Madagascar has high genetic diversity, including haplotypes not yet identified in wild populations. The likely geographical provenance of founders of captive populations was determined by comparison with previous studies; all reported haplotypes from captive ruffed lemurs were identical to, or clustered with, haplotypes from wild populations located north of the Mangoro River in Madagascar. Effective conservation strategies for wild populations, with potentially unidentified genetic diversity, should still be considered the priority for conserving ruffed lemurs. However, our results illustrate that the captive population in Madagascar has conservation value as a source of potential release stock for reintroduction or reinforcement projects, and that cross-regional transfers within the global captive population could increase the genetic diversity and therefore the conservation value of each regional population

The mitochondrial DNA diversity of captive ruffed lemurs (Varecia spp.): implications for conservation

Ruffed lemurs ( and ) are categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and genetic studies are needed for assessing the conservation value of captive populations. Using 280 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences, we studied the genetic diversity and structure of captive ruffed lemurs in Madagascar, Europe and North America. We found 10 new haplotypes: one from the European captive population, three from captive (one from Europe and two from Madagascar) and six from other captive in Madagascar. We found low mtDNA genetic diversity in the European and North American captive populations of . Several founder individuals shared the same mtDNA haplotype and therefore should not be assumed to be unrelated founders when making breeding recommendations. The captive population in Madagascar has high genetic diversity, including haplotypes not yet identified in wild populations. We determined the probable geographical provenance of founders of captive populations by comparison with previous studies; all reported haplotypes from captive ruffed lemurs were identical to or clustered with haplotypes from wild populations located north of the Mangoro River in Madagascar. Effective conservation strategies for wild populations, with potentially unidentified genetic diversity, should still be considered the priority for conserving ruffed lemurs. However, our results illustrate that the captive population in Madagascar has conservation value as a source of potential release stock for reintroduction or reinforcement projects and that cross-regional transfers within the global captive population could increase the genetic diversity and therefore the conservation value of each regional population

Extinction Risks and the Conservation of Madagascar's Reptiles

<div><p>Background</p><p>An understanding of the conservation status of Madagascar's endemic reptile species is needed to underpin conservation planning and priority setting in this global biodiversity hotspot, and to complement existing information on the island's mammals, birds and amphibians. We report here on the first systematic assessment of the extinction risk of endemic and native non-marine Malagasy snakes, lizards, turtles and tortoises.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Species range maps from The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species were analysed to determine patterns in the distribution of threatened reptile species. These data, in addition to information on threats, were used to identify priority areas and actions for conservation. Thirty-nine percent of the data-sufficient Malagasy reptiles in our analyses are threatened with extinction. Areas in the north, west and south-east were identified as having more threatened species than expected and are therefore conservation priorities. Habitat degradation caused by wood harvesting and non-timber crops was the most pervasive threat. The direct removal of reptiles for international trade and human consumption threatened relatively few species, but were the primary threats for tortoises. Nine threatened reptile species are endemic to recently created protected areas.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>With a few alarming exceptions, the threatened endemic reptiles of Madagascar occur within the national network of protected areas, including some taxa that are only found in new protected areas. Threats to these species, however, operate inside and outside protected area boundaries. This analysis has identified priority sites for reptile conservation and completes the conservation assessment of terrestrial vertebrates in Madagascar which will facilitate conservation planning, monitoring and wise-decision making. In sharp contrast with the amphibians, there is significant reptile diversity and regional endemism in the southern and western regions of Madagascar and this study highlights the importance of these arid regions to conserving the island's biodiversity.</p></div

The number of Malagasy reptile species in each family assigned to the IUCN Red List categories.

<p>The number of Malagasy reptile species in each family assigned to the IUCN Red List categories.</p

The 22 Critically Endangered species of Malagasy reptiles.

<p>The 22 Critically Endangered species of Malagasy reptiles.</p

Geographic distribution of the 11 species that are not represented in any protected area (i.e., gap species).

<p>Geographic distribution of the 11 species that are not represented in any protected area (i.e., gap species).</p

Spatial patterns for all reptile species included in this assessment.

<p>A) species richness; B) richness of threatened species; C) residuals of the relationship between threatened species and total number of species (positive values were mapped in red, indicating cells that have more threatened species than expected for their richness alone, and equal or negative values in gray, indicating cells that have the same or fewer threatened species as/than expected for richness alone); D) richness of range-size rarity.</p

Species richness, species richness of threatened species, and range-size rarity calculated separately for five major Madagascan reptile groups.

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100173#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for an explanation of the metrics used.</p

Major ongoing threats currently affecting Madagascar's reptiles.

<p>Major ongoing threats currently affecting Madagascar's reptiles.</p

Percentage of reptile species' range represented in all Madagascar Protected Areas by IUCN Red List Category.

<p>Dotted line indicates grand mean and black short lines indicate mean percentage of range protected in each IUCN Red List Category.</p