Genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlemde steiner formülü ve holditch-tipi teoremler

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu tez altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde öncelikle, , Öklid düzleminde klasik Holditch teoremi ifade edilmiştir. Daha sonra Holditch teoremi ve Holditch–tipi teoremler ile ilgili bazı önemli çalışmaların genel bir değerlendirilmesi ile birlikte literatür özeti verilmiştir. İkinci bölüm dört alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak Öklid uzayları ile ilgili bazı temel kavramlar anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra, sırasıyla, kompleks, hiperbolik ve Galile düzlemlerinde bir-parametreli düzlemsel hareket ve Holditch teoremi verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm iki alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk alt bölümde genelleştirilmiş kompleks sayı sistemi tanıtılmıştır. Ayrıca, genelleştirilmiş kompleks sayı sisteminin geometrik tanımı ve cebirsel özellikleri teoremler ile ifade edilmiştir. İkinci alt bölümde genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlemde bir-parametreli düzlemsel hareket tanıtılmıştır. Dördüncü ve beşinci bölüm bu çalışmanın orijinal kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm iki alt başlıktan oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak hareketli genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlemde verilen sabit bir noktanın sabit düzlemde çizdiği yörüngenin alanı hesaplanarak doğrusal üç noktanın çizdiği yörünge alanları arasındaki ilişki Holditch teoremiyle verilmiştir. Daha sonra genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlemde doğrusal olmayan üç nokta alınarak ilk kısımda verilen Holditch teoreminin bir genellemesi elde edilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde ise genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlemde verilen sabit bir noktanın çizdiği yörüngenin kutupsal atalet momenti hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan üç nokta için Holditch-tipi teoremler ispatlanmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise bu tezin bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Genelleştirilmiş kompleks düzlem, bir-parametreli düzlemsel hareket, Steiner formülü, Holditch-tipi teoremlerThis thesis consists of six chapters. In the first chapter, primarily, the classical Holditch theorem in Euclidean plane is expressed. Afterwards, summary of literature together with a general evaluation of some significant studies reletad to the Holditch theorem and the Holditch-type theorems is given. The second chapter consists of four subsections. Firstly, some basic notions of dimensional Euclidean space are given. Then, the one-parameter planar motions and the Holditch-type theorems in complex, Galilean and hyperbolic planes are introduced, respectively. The third chapter consists of two subsections. In the first subsection, the generalized complex number system is represented. Moreover, the geometric exposition and algebraic properties of this generalized complex number system are expressed. In the second subsection, the one-parameter planar motions in the generalized complex plane are given. The fourth and fifth chapters are the original part of this thesis. The fourth chapter consists of two subsections. First of all, by calculating the area of orbit curve in the fixed plane drawn by the fixed point in the moving generalized complex plane, the Holditch theorem that gives the relationship between the orbit curves drawn by linear three points is given. Then, by considering non-linear three points in generalized complex plane, a generalization of the Holditch theorem, which was given in the first subsection is obtained. In the fifth chapter, the polar moment of inertia of the orbit curve drawn by the fixed point in the generalized complex plane is calculated. Finally, the Holditch-type theorems for linear and non-linear three points are proved. In the sixth chapter, an evaluation of this thesis has been made discussed. Keywords: The generalized complex plane, the one-parameter planar motions, Steiner formula, Holditch-type theorem

Wear and blanking performance of an AlCrN PVD coated punch.

Blanking of sheet steels is one of the most frequently used processes in the manufacture industry. During blanking processes, the wear of punch occurs due to the cycled contact of opposite surfaces. Therefore, the punch is exposed to high stresses and requires high resistance against wear. When worn tools are used, the tool surface directly affects the quality of sheet products and causes some surface defects. PVD coating of punch with a surface layer of improved hardness and low friction may reduce wear. The aim of this study is to characterize tool wear of AlCrN coated punch used for sheet steel blanking. The worn punch surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that wear take place due to abrasion, adhesion, and delamination along sliding flank surfaces. Edge rounding and fracture of cutting edges were also observed. After blanking tests, the tool wear volume of punches and burr height of blanked parts were also measured. The wear volumes were determined by means of profile measurements of the worn punch carried out after completion of a large amount of blanked parts.Штампування листів сталі – один із найвідоміших процесів у виробництві, за якого штамп зношується через циклічний контакт протилежних поверхонь. Він зазнає впливу високих напружень і тому повинен володіти високою зносотривкістю. Під час використання зношеного штампа поверхня інструмента впливає на якість листових виробів та спричиняє поверхневі дефекти. Покриви на штампі, отримані за допомогою PVD, завдяки високій твердості та слабкому тертю, можуть зменшити зношування. Вивчено зношування штампа із AlCrN покривом, який використовують для штампування листів сталі. Поверхні досліджено за допомогою сканівної електронної мікроскопії. Встановлено, що зношування спричинене стиранням, адгезією та розшаруванням уздовж задньої поверхні ковзання. Визначено об’єм зносу штампа та висоту зазору штампованих частин.Штампование листов стали – один из наиболее известных процессов в производстве, когда штамп изнашивается вследствие циклического контакта противоположных поверхностей. Он пребывает под воздействием повышенных напряжений и поэтому должен обладать высокой износостойкостью. При использовании изношенного штампа поверхность инструмента влияет на качество листовых изделий и обусловливает поверхностные дефекты. Покрытия на штампе, полученные с помощью PVD, благодаря высокой твердости и меньшему трению, могут уменьшить изнашивание. Изучено изнашивание штампа с AlCrN покрытием, который используют для штампования листов стали. Поверхности исследованы с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Выявлено, что изнашивание вызвано стиранием, адгезией и расслоением вдоль задней поверхности скольжения. Определены объем износа штампа и высота зазора штампованных частей

Relative numbers of cortical and brainstem inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus

ABSTRACT Terminals of a morphological type known as RD (for round vesicles and dense mitochondria, which we define here as the aggregate of types formerly known as RSD and RLD, where ''S'' is small and ''L'' is large) constitute at least half of the synaptic inputs to the feline lateral geniculate nucleus, which represents the thalamic relay of retinal input to cortex. It had been thought that the vast majority of these RD terminals were of cortical origin, making the corticogeniculate pathway by far the largest source of input to geniculate relay cells. However, another source of RD terminals recently identified derives from cholinergic cells of the brainstem parabrachial region. (These cells also contain NO.) We used techniques of electron microscopy to determine quantitatively the relative contribution of cortex and brainstem to the population of RD terminals. We identified corticogeniculate terminals by orthograde transport of biocytin injected into the visual cortex and identified brainstem terminals by immunocytochemical labeling for choline acetyltransferase or brain NO synthase (the synthesizing enzymes for acetylcholine and NO, respectively). We estimated the relative numbers of corticogeniculate and brainstem terminals with a two-step algorithm: First, we determined the relative probability of sampling each terminal type in our material, and then we calculated what mixture of identified corticogeniculate and brainstem terminals was needed to recreate the size distribution of the parent RD terminal population. We conclude that brainstem terminals comprise roughly one-half of the RD population. Thus, the cortical input is perhaps half as large and the brainstem input is an order of magnitude larger than had been thought. This further suggests that the brainstem inputs might play a surprisingly complex and subtle role in the control of the geniculocortical relay. It is often claimed that terminals from visual cortex form the dominant input to the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is the thalamic relay of retinal input to the visual cortex (1-4). This is because corticogeniculate axons end in a characteristic type of synaptic terminal we shall refer to as ''RD'' (for round vesicles and dense mitochondria), and RD terminals are the majority found in the geniculate neuropil (1, 2, 4, 5). The RD terminal type represents an aggregate of what was previously defined as RSD and RLD terminals (1, 6), where the ''S'' and ''L'' refer to small and large, respectively. However, we have shown that, based on size, RSD and RLD terminals form a continuum (6) and that there is thus little justification for separating them, so we prefer to lump them together under the new term ''RD.'' Until recently, few candidate sources for RD terminals other than corticogeniculate axons have been identified, and it has been assumed that nearly all of these emanate in the feedback pathway from visual cortex (refs. 1-4 but also see ref. 7). As a result, many functions have been suggested for the corticothalamic pathway in controlling or modifying the thalamic relay (reviewed in ref. 5), and other extrathalamic sources of input have been relegated a less important role. However, we now know that cholinergic terminals from the parabrachial region of the brainstem also display RD morphology, but we have lacked quantitative data permitting us to determine what proportion of the dominant RD terminal population is cortical vs. brainstem in origin. Using material from the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus, we used an algorithm based on size distributions of RD terminals identified as deriving from cortical neurons or from cholinergic brainstem neurons, and we conclude that the brainstem contribution is much greater than previously thought, providing approximately half of the RD terminals. We suggest that, although the corticothalamic input is large, it is not as dominant as once thought, and inputs from the brainstem are much more important in the geniculate relay than has been appreciated. Our basic methods have been fully described elsewher

Nutrient composition of egg, hatchability and nutrition of embryo Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with different plumage colors

Bu araştırma gri ve sarı tüy rengine sahip Japon bıldırcını gruplarında bazı yumurta kalite özellikleri, besin kompozisyonu, kuluçka özellikleri ve embriyonun beslenmesini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaç için her çalışma grubundan 240 adet olacak şekilde toplam 480 adet yumurta kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada her iki grupta ağırlıkları eşitlenerek değerlendirilmeye alınan taze yumurtaların ak, sarı ve kabuk ağlıkları ile oranları benzer bulunmuştur (P>0.05). Yumurtanın besin özelliklerinden kuru madde, kül, ham protein ve ham yağ değerlerinde gruplar arasında istatistiki farklılık saptanmamıştır (P>0.05). Kuluçkanın 15. gününde incelenen yumurta gruplarında ağırlık kaybı, embriyo ağırlığı, sarı kesesi ağırlığı, kabuk ağırlığı, kabukta ham kül değeri, sarı kesesi kuru madde, ham protein, ham yağ, ham kül değerine ait ortalamalarda gruplar birbirine benzer olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). On beş günlük kuluçka süresince embriyo yumurta akının tamamını kullanmış, kabuk ham kül oranı %1.42, sarı kesesi ham kül oranı %10.42 azalmıştır. Embriyo yumurta sarı ham proteininin %38.87’sini, yağın %8.71’ini kullanmıştır. Kuluçka özelliklerinden döllülük oranı, kuluçka randımanı, çıkım gücü ve toplam embriyo ölüm oranı bakımından gruplar benzerdir (P>0.05). Yumurtanın civcive dönüşüm oranında gri renkli grubun rakamsal üstünlüğü önemli bulunmamıştır (P=0.063). Sonuç olarak yumurta ve kuluçka özellikleri bakımından gri veya sarı tüylü Japon bıldırcınlarında gruplar benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.This study was conducted to investigate some quality traits, nutrient composition, hatchability, and nutrition of embryos in eggs of Japanese quails with gray and golden plumage colors. For this purpose, a total of 480 eggs, 240 eggs per experimental group were used. Weights or percentages of albumen, yolk and shell were found to be similar in fresh eggs which have equalized egg weight in two experimental groups of the research (P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in dry matter, ash, crude protein and crude fat values related to nutritional traits of eggs between the groups (P>0.05). Weight loss, embryo weight, yolk sac weight, shell weight, crude ash value of shell, yolk sac dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash values were found similar between two groups in evaluated eggs at the 15th day of hatching period (P>0.05). During the fifteenth day of incubation, albumen was consumed completely by embryos, crude ash value of shell and yolk sac were decreased 1.42% and 10.42%, respectively. The embryo consumed 38.87% of crude protein and 8.71% of crude fat of egg yolk. The fertility, hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs and total embryonic mortality rate were similar between groups (P>0.05). Numerical superiority of gray group at conversion ratio of egg to chick was not significant (P=0.063). Consequently, Japanese quail groups have gray or golden plumage were similar in terms of egg and hatchability traits