Media, ideological hegemony and popular music: Golden microphone song contestMedya, ideolojik hegemonya ve popüler müzik: Altın mikrofon şarkı yarışması

This article focuses on "Golden Microphone Award" song contest which has been organized under the sponsorship of Hürriyet Daily News between the years of 1965-68. Between the different forms of popular culture/music and mass media, there is a characteristically symbiotic relationship in which one almost can not survive in the absence of the other. Golden Microphone song contest, organized under the sponsorship of the mass media institution, Hürriyet Daily News, requires an evaluation in a scope that exceeds this symbiotic relationship. Because the role that Hürriyet plays in the circulation and the support of the dominant ideological definitions and representations is more important here. If we consider Golden Microphone contest as a moment,we can say that: there is a dynamic arena for the media, official ideology, musicians and audience in which both the elements of resistance and consent, the issues of the past and the future; hence overlapping and conflicting elements are available. In this framework, this research tries to analyse the dynamics of this specific moment of Turkish popular music history by using the theoretical status of media, sponsorship, ideology and hegemony concepts.   ÖzetBu makale, Hürriyet Gazetesi’nin sponsorluğunda 1965-68 yılları arasında düzenlenen “Altın Mikrofon Armağanı” adlı şarkı yarışması üzerine odaklanır. Popüler kültürün/müziğin farklı formları ile kitle iletişim araçları arasında, diğeri olmadan birisinin hayatını neredeyse sürdüremez olduğu karakteristik bir simbiyotik ilişki vardır. Bir kitle medyası olarak Hürriyet Gazetesinin sponsorluğunda düzenlenen “Altın Mikrofon” şarkı yarışması, bu simbiyotik ilişkiyi aşan bir çerçeve içinde değerlendirmeyi de gerektirmektedir. Çünkü Hürriyet’in egemen ideolojik tanımlar ve temsillerin dolaşımı ve pekiştirilmesinde oynadığı rol, burada çok daha önemlidir. Altın Mikrofon yarışmasını bir uğrak (moment) olarak ele alırsak şunu söyleyebiliriz: bu uğrakta gerek medya, gerek resmi ideoloji, gerekse müzisyenler ve izlerkitle için; hem direniş hem kabullenme ögeleri, hem geçmişin ve geleceğin unsurları, dolayısıyla hem birbiriyle örtüşen hem de çatışan ögelerin olduğu dinamik bir mücadele alanı bulunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışma; medya, sponsorluk, ideoloji ve hegemonya kavramlarının teorik statüsünden yararlanarak, Türk popüler müzik tarihinin bu özgül uğrağını biçimlendiren dinamikleri analiz etme girişimidir

Production, consumption and text in music industry: The problem of copyrightMüzik endüstrisinde üretim, tüketim ve metin: Telif sorunsalı

This article investigates the relevance of the concept of copyright, which took its modern form in the last century, to the present conditions specific to music in the light of technological and cultural changes. Firstly, it provides a basic definition of copyright along with examples related to its implementation. Then, it dwells on production, distribution and consumption dimensions of music, addressing their differences between 20th and 21st centuries. The main cause of these differences is that there have been radical changes in technology and that reflections of these changes on cultural field have created a completely new paradigm. One of the characteristics of this new paradigm is that unprecedented creativity techniques and ideas are emerged in conjunction with the continuing intertwinement of the consumption and production dimensions of music. The article tries to express all these issues in relation to the need of alteration of the copyright concept, and discusses new alternatives to copyright, especially the most prominent one being Creative Commons. Pointing out the potential developments, it emphasizes the need of reformulation of the laws and regulations related to copyright. ÖzetBu makale, bugünkü biçimini geçtiğimiz yüzyılda almış olan telif hakları konseptinin müzik özelinde günümüz koşullarına uygunluğunu, teknolojik ve kültürel değişimler ışığında incelemeye çalışır. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak bu konseptin kısa bir tanımına ve uygulanmasına ilişkin örneklere yer verir; ardından ise müziğin üretim, dağıtım ve tüketim boyutları üzerinde durarak 20. yüzyıl ile 21. yüzyıl arasındaki farklara değinir. Bu farkların temel sebebi, teknolojide görülen değişimler ile bu değişimlerin kültürel alana yansımasının tamamen yeni bir durum meydana getirmiş olmasıdır. Bu yeni durumun niteliklerinden biri de, müziğin tüketim ve üretim boyutlarının her geçen gün daha fazla iç içe geçmesiyle birlikte, daha önce görülmemiş yeni yaratıcılık alanlarının ortaya çıkışıdır. Makale bütün bunları, müzikte telif hakları konseptinin gözden geçirilme ihtiyacı ile ilişkili bir şekilde aktarmaya çalışır. Telif hakları alanında geliştirilen yeni alternatifler ve bu alternatifler arasında en çok öne çıkanlardan biri olan Creative Commons üzerinde durur. Gelecekteki olası durumlara da işaret etmeye çalışarak telif haklarına ilişkin yasaların yeniden düzenlenme gereksinimine vurgu yapar

Epigenetic perturbations in the pathogenesis of mustard toxicity; hypothesis and preliminary results

Among the most readily available chemical warfare agents, sulfur mustard (SM), also known as mustard gas, has been the most widely used chemical weapon. SM causes debilitating effects that can leave an exposed individual incapacitated for days to months; therefore delayed SM toxicity is of much greater importance than its ability to cause lethality. Although not fully understood, acute toxicity of SM is related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative stress, DNA damage, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and energy depletion within the affected cell. Therefore several antioxidants and PARP inhibitors show beneficial effects against acute SM toxicity. The delayed toxicity of SM however, currently has no clear mechanistic explanation. One third of the 100,000 Iranian casualties are still suffering from the detrimental effects of SM in spite of the extensive treatment. We, therefore, made an attempt whether epigenetic aberrations may contribute to pathogenesis of mustard poisoning. Preliminary evidence reveals that mechlorethamine (a nitrogen mustard derivative) exposure may not only cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, but epigenetic perturbations as well. Epigenetic refers to the study of changes that influence the phenotype without causing alteration of the genotype. It involves changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but do not involve a change in DNA sequence. It is now known that in addition to mutations, epimutations contribute to a variety of human diseases. Under light of preliminary results, the current hypothesis will focus on epigenetic regulations to clarify mustard toxicity and the use of drugs to correct possible epigenetic defects

An analysis of officer accession programs and the career development of U.S. Marine Corps Officers

The purpose of this thesis is to identify and evaluate factors that affect career development of U.S. Marine Corps officers. The analysis includes evaluation of fitness reports, performance at The Basic School (TBS), retention, and promotion to O-4 and O-5 ranks. The primary goal is to explain the effect of officer commissioning programs on officers' careers. The personnel database used for the analysis includes more than 28,000 Marines who entered between FY 1980 and 1999. The performance models assume that commissioning programs that provide longer and more intensive precommissioning acculturation, or that credit enlisted service experience, will be associated with better performance. Performance models are specified and estimated for TBS class rank, retention to 10 years of service, promotion to O-4 and O- 5, and for a Performance Index (PI) derived from fitness report marks. The findings indicate that commissioning source is an important determinant of officer performance. The results suggest that USNA graduates have better fitness reports at all grades between O-1 and O-4. However, officers from most of the other commissioning programs have higher O-4 promotion rates. On the other hand, officers from the three enlisted commissioning programs have significantly better TBS performance and 10-year retention rates. Bivariate probit model with sample selection finds that prior enlisted officers from all commissioning programs have lower O-5 promotion rates. MECEP and ECP increase O-5 promotion rates but do not completely eliminate the negative effect of being prior enlisted. The results also find that TBS class rank is a significant predictor of a Marine's future performance. Finally, the effect of sample selection in the stay-leave decision tends to bias downward the effect of commissioning source in the PI and promotion models. The results find that officers who leave are negatively correlated with average PI, O-4 and O-5 promotion probabilities.http://archive.org/details/annalysisofoffic109451118Major, Turkish ArmyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited