Terrorismoko biktimen dolua gainditzeko ekimenak: S(u/a)minetik Bakera esperientzia

Ikerketa honekin terrorismo biktimen dolua eta trauma aztertu, bigarren mailako biktimizazioa minimizatu eta ongizatea hobetzen dituzten programa eta teknikak aztertu nahi dira ETA eta Estatuko terrorismoaren biktimen kasuak aztertzearen bidez. Programa ezberdinen gainbegirada egin, eta S(u/a)minetik bakera esperientzia ikus-entzunezko/artistikoaren ikasketak mahai-gaineratu nahi dira. Horretarako, lehenengo atalean, azterketa teoriko bat egingo da biktimen trauma eta doluen definizioa eta kategorizazioaren inguruan, ondoren, gai honetan kontuan izan beharreko kontzeptuak azalduko dira, hala nola; terrorismoa eta Estatuko terrorismoa, biktimen biktimizazioaren kausa eta ondorioak, biktimizazioa, eta memoria, justizia eta justizia leheneratzailea. Jarraian Espainia eta Ipar Irlandaren arteko konparaketa egingo da biktimen egoeraren ikuspuntutik. Ondoren, euskal gatazkaren testuingurua azalduko da eta Eusko Jaurlaritzak biktimen alde egindako programa eta ekimen ezberdinak aztertuko dira: Batera Konpromezua, Gertu eta Eraikiz programa. Baita beste elkarte eta erakundeek memoria eta biktimei laguntzeko programa eta jarduera batzuk identifikatzen ere saiatuko da lan hau. Azken zatian, S(u/a)minetik Bakera esperientzia sistematizatuko da, eta doluaren kudeaketa kolektiboaren alderdi positiboei eta horiek Euskal Herriko bizikidetza eta bakea eraikitzeko dituzten ondorio erreparatzaileei balioa emango zaie. Esperientzia horren inguruan ahalik eta gehien sakontzeko hiru elkarrizketa egingo dira: Iñaki Peña ikus-entzunezkoaren egilea, Olatz Etxabe Estatuk terrorismoaren biktima, eta Sandra Carrasco ETAren biktima

Gernu infekzioa sukarra eta Arnas Birus Sintzitial/Influenza infekzioa duten 1-12 hilabeteko jaioberrietan.

[EU]Ikerketa honen helburua sukarra eta Arnas Birus Sintzitial edota Influenza infekzioa duten 1-12 hilabeteko edoskitzaileetan gernu infekzioaren prebalentzia ezagutzea izan da, modu honetan gernu infekzioaren diagnostikorako frogak egiteko kasu aproposenak hautatu eta hauen erabilgarritasuna hobetzeko. Azterturiko paziente hauetan gernu infekzioaren prebalentzia baxua dela ondorioztatu da, gernu azterketa soilik arrisku faktoreak dituzten haurretan egitea baloratu daitekeelarik

Terrorismoko biktimen dolua gainditzeko ekimenak: S(u/a)minetik Bakera esperientzia

Ikerketa honekin terrorismo biktimen dolua eta trauma aztertu, bigarren mailako biktimizazioa minimizatu eta ongizatea hobetzen dituzten programa eta teknikak aztertu nahi dira ETA eta Estatuko terrorismoaren biktimen kasuak aztertzearen bidez. Programa ezberdinen gainbegirada egin, eta S(u/a)minetik bakera esperientzia ikus-entzunezko/artistikoaren ikasketak mahai-gaineratu nahi dira. Horretarako, lehenengo atalean, azterketa teoriko bat egingo da biktimen trauma eta doluen definizioa eta kategorizazioaren inguruan, ondoren, gai honetan kontuan izan beharreko kontzeptuak azalduko dira, hala nola; terrorismoa eta Estatuko terrorismoa, biktimen biktimizazioaren kausa eta ondorioak, biktimizazioa, eta memoria, justizia eta justizia leheneratzailea. Jarraian Espainia eta Ipar Irlandaren arteko konparaketa egingo da biktimen egoeraren ikuspuntutik. Ondoren, euskal gatazkaren testuingurua azalduko da eta Eusko Jaurlaritzak biktimen alde egindako programa eta ekimen ezberdinak aztertuko dira: Batera Konpromezua, Gertu eta Eraikiz programa. Baita beste elkarte eta erakundeek memoria eta biktimei laguntzeko programa eta jarduera batzuk identifikatzen ere saiatuko da lan hau. Azken zatian, S(u/a)minetik Bakera esperientzia sistematizatuko da, eta doluaren kudeaketa kolektiboaren alderdi positiboei eta horiek Euskal Herriko bizikidetza eta bakea eraikitzeko dituzten ondorio erreparatzaileei balioa emango zaie. Esperientzia horren inguruan ahalik eta gehien sakontzeko hiru elkarrizketa egingo dira: Iñaki Peña ikus-entzunezkoaren egilea, Olatz Etxabe Estatuk terrorismoaren biktima, eta Sandra Carrasco ETAren biktima

Role of Zr loading into In2O3 catalysts for the direct conversion of CO2/CO mixtures into light olefins

The effect of the ZrO2 content on the performance (activity, selectivity, stability) of In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst has been studied on the hydrogenation of CO2/CO mixtures. This effect is a key feature for the viability of using In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 tandem catalysts for the direct conversion of CO2 and syngas into olefins via oxygenates as intermediates. The interest of co-feeding syngas together with CO2 resides in jointly valorizing syngas derived from biomass or wastes (via gasification) and supplying the required H-2. The experiments of methanol synthesis and direct synthesis of olefins, with In2O3-ZrO2 and In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 catalysts, respectively, have been carried out under the appropriate conditions for the direct olefins synthesis (400 ?, 30 bar, H-2/COX ratio = 3) in an isothermal fixed bed reactor at low space time values (kinetic conditions) to evaluate the behavior and deactivation of the catalysts. The Zr/In ratio of 1/2 favors the conversion of CO2 and COX, attaining good oxygenates selectivity, and prevents the sintering attributable to the over-reduction of the In2O3 (more significant for syngas feeds). The improvement is more remarkable in the direct olefins synthesis, where the thermodynamic equilibrium of methanol formation is displaced, and methanation suppressed (in a greater extent for feeds with high CO content). With the In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 tandem catalysts, the conversion of COx almost 5 folds respect oxygenates synthesis with In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst, meaning the yield of the target products boosts from ~0.5% of oxygenates to > 3% of olefins (selectivity > 70%) for mixtures of CO2/COX of 0.5, where an optimum performance has been obtained.This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (PID2019-108448RB-100); the Basque Government (Project IT1645-22), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and the European Commission (HORIZON H2020-MSCA RISE-2018. Contract No. 823745). A. Portillo is grateful for the grateful for the Ph.D. grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (BES2017-081135). The authors thank for technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU)

A review on the valorization of CO2. Focusing on the thermodynamics and catalyst design studies of the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether

The direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) on bifunctional catalysts is highly attractive for valorizing CO2 and syngas derived from biomass gasification and is a key process to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. DME economy (conventionally based on its use as fuel) arouses growing interest, in parallel with the development of different routes for its conversion into hydrocarbons (fuels and chemicals) and H-2 production. This review, after analyzing different routes and catalytic processes for the valorization of CO2, focuses on studies regarding the thermodynamics of the direct synthesis of DME and the advances in the development of new catalysts. Compared to the synthesis of methanol and the synthesis of DME in two stages, carrying out the reactions of methanol synthesis and its dehydration to DME in the same reactor favors the formation of DME from CO2 and from CO2 co-fed with syngas. Starting from the experience for syngas feedstocks, numerous catalysts have been studied. The first catalysts were physical mixtures or composites prepared by extrusion of methanol synthesis catalysts (CuO-ZnO with different carriers and promoters) and dehydration catalysts (mainly gamma-Al2O3 and HZSM-5 zeolite). The performance of the catalysts has been progressively improved with different modifications of the composition and properties of the components to upturn the activity (lower for the hydrogenation of CO2 than for CO) and selectivity, and to minimize the deactivation by coke and by sintering of the metallic function. The core-shell configuration of the bifunctional catalyst allows physically separating the environments of the reactions of methanol synthesis and its conversion into DME. The confinement facilitates the extent of both reactions and improves the stability of the catalyst, since the synergies of the deactivation mechanisms are eliminated.This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (PID2019-108448RB-100); the Basque Government (Project IT1645-22); the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); and the European Commission (HORIZON H2020-MSCA RISE-2018. Contract No. 823745)

Valorization of Polyolefins Dissolved in Light Cycle Oil over HY Zeolites under Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Conditions

A study has been made of the valorization of polyolefins, PE (polyethylene) and PP (polypropylene), dissolved in LCO [light cycle oil obtained as a product stream in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit] by their cracking on three catalysts prepared based on HY zeolites of different acidity and different porous structure. The reaction has been studied in the 450−550 °C range and under conditions similar to those of the FCC. The determining factor in the performance of the catalyst is the accessibility of the acid sites by the dissolved macromolecular chains, where a moderate acidity of the zeolite is sufficient. Whereas a feed of dissolved PE contributes to a decrease of the yield of coke with respect to that corresponding to the cracking of LCO, a feed of PP increases the yield of coke. The optimum temperature for maximizing the yield of gasoline, and minimizing that of coke, is 450 °C. The gasoline fraction (C5−C12) is mainly aromatic with C8+ components. The stream of gaseous products is largely made up of propylene and butenes.Fil: Arandes, José M.. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Ereña, Javier. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Bilbao, Javier Ignacio. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: López Valerio, Danilo. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; NicaraguaFil: de la Puente, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica ; Argentin

Boosting the activity in the direct conversion of CO2/CO mixtures into gasoline using ZnO-ZrO2 catalyst in tandem with HZSM-5 zeolite

The direct production of C5+ hydrocarbons from CO2/CO mixtures with methanol as intermediate is an attractive alternative for the production of gasoline from CO2 and syngas derived from biomass. With this purpose, the performance of CuO-ZnO-ZrO2 (CZZ), In2O3-ZrO2 (IZ) and ZnO-ZrO2 (ZZ) metallic oxides was compared by using them in tandem with a HZSM-5 zeolite. The catalysts were analyzed by means of N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, XRF, H2-TPR and NH3-TPD. Two series of runs were performed in a packed bed reactor: (i) the methanol synthesis with the metallic oxides as catalysts, at 250–430 °C; 50 bar; CO2/COx, 0–1; H2/COx, 3; space time 6 gcat h molC−1; and (ii) the synthesis of hydrocarbons with the tandem catalysts with a metallic oxide/zeolite mass ratio of 1/1, at 340, 380 and 420 °C; 30 and 50 bar; CO2/COx, 0.5 and 1; H2/COx, 3; space time 12 gcat h molC−1. The results were quantified in terms of yield and selectivity of the product fractions and CO2 and COx (CO2 + CO) conversion. The higher methanol yield attained with the CZZ catalyst for the CO + H2 feed and its mixing with CO2 was faded by the problem of its sintering above 350 °C (minimum temperature required for the extent of methanol conversion to hydrocarbons). The IZ and ZZ catalysts were active, selective to methanol and stable both in the methanol synthesis and when used in IZ/HZSM-5 and ZZ/HZSM-5 tandem catalysts. Excellent results were obtained with the latter, which resulted in a 20.7% yield of C5+ hydrocarbon fraction at 420 °C and 50 bar, with CO2 and COx conversion of 39.7% and 28.4%, respectively. This fraction corresponded to isoparaffinic gasoline, with isoparaffin yield (mainly C5 and C6) surpassing 20% and low concentration of aromatics (0.1%) that led to a Research Octane Number of 91.8. This composition results attractive for its integration into the refineries gasoline pool. Furthermore, the changes of the CO2/COx ratio in the feed barely affected the yield and composition of the gasoline obtained with the ZZ/HZSM-5 catalyst, stating its great versatility.This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (PID2019-108448RB-100); the Basque Government (Project IT1645-22), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and the European Commission (HORIZON H2020-MSCA RISE-2018. Contract No. 823745). O. Parra is grateful for the financial support of the grant of the Basque Government (PRE_2021_1_0014) and A. Portillo is grateful for the grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (BES2017-081135). The authors thank for technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU)

Setting up In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 Catalyst for Improving Olefin Production via Hydrogenation of CO2/CO Mixtures

The adequate configuration and the effect of the reduction was studied for the In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 catalyst with the aim of improving its performance (activity and selectivity in the pseudo-steady state) for the hydrogenation of CO, CO2 and CO2/CO (COx) mixtures into olefins. The experiments were carried out in a packed bed reactor at 400 °C; 30 bar; a H2/COx ratio of 3; CO2/COx ratios of 0, 0.5 and 1; a space time (referred to as In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst mass) of 3.35 gInZr h molC−1; and a time on stream up to 24 h. The mixture of individual catalyst particles, with an SAPO-34 to In2O3-ZrO2 mass ratio of 1/2, led to a better performance than hybrid catalysts prepared via pelletizing and better than the arrangement of individual catalysts in a dual bed. The deactivation of the catalyst using coke deposition and the remnant activity in the pseudo-steady state of the catalyst were dependent on the CO2 content in the feed since the synergy of the capabilities of the SAPO-34 catalyst to form coke and of the In2O3-ZrO2 catalyst to hydrogenate its precursors were affected. The partial reduction of the In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-34 catalyst (corresponding to a superficial In0/In2O3 ratio of 0.04) improved its performance over the untreated and fully reduced catalyst in the hydrogenation of CO to olefins, but barely affected CO2/CO mixtures’ hydrogenation.This work was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (PID2019-108448RB-100), the Basque Government (Project IT1645-22), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and the European Commission (HORIZON H2020-MSCA RISE-2018. Contract No. 823745). A. Portillo is grateful for the Ph.D. grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (BES2017-081135) and O. Parra is grateful for the Ph.D. grant from the Basque Government (PRE_2021_1_0014). The authors are thankful for the technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU)

Dimetil eterraren sintesia CuO-ZnO-A12O3/y-A12O3 katalizatzaile funtzio bikoa erabiliz. Modelakuntza zinetikoa

Lan honetan urrats bakarrean egindako dimetil eterraren (DMEren) sintesia aztertu da. Bereziki, e red u zinetiko bat proposatu da , eta parametro zinetikoak kalkulatu dira. Cu0-Zn0-AIP3/y-AI20 3 da erabilitako katalizatzailea, eta bi elikadura erabili dira: sintesi-gasa (hau da, hidrogeno eta km·bono monoxidoaren nahastea) eta (H2+C02) . Ereclu zinetikoak ondo cloitzen ditu erreaktore finko isotermoan lorturiko emaitza esperimentalak, eragiketa-ba ldintzen tarte zabalean: 225-325 °C, 10-40 bar; denbora espaziala, 1,6-57 ,O (g katali zatzaile) h (mol erreakzionatzai le)- 1• Moclelakuntzarako erreakzio-urrats erabakigarriak honako hauek dira: metanolaren sintesia (H2+CO)-tik abiatuz -(H2+C02)-tik egindako sintesia ez da garrantzitsua-, metanolaren deshidratazioa (oso azkarra), eta lurrin/gas trukaketa (hau da , CO eta H20-ren arteko erreakzioa , C02 eta H2 emateko) . Uraren efektu inhibitza ilea kontuan izan da, metanolaren sintesian eta hiclrokarburoen eraketan.; A kinetic model has been proposed for the synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) in a single reaction step from (H2+CO) ancl (H2+C02), and the kinetic parameters have been calculated for a Cu0-Zn0-AJ20/y-AI20 3 bifunctional catalyst. The kinetic model suitably fits the experimental results obtained in an isothermal fixed bed reactor within a wide range of operating conditions: 225-325 °C; 10-40 bm·; space time, 1 .6-57 .O (g of catalyst) h (mol H2)- 1. The crucial steps for modelling are the synthesis of methanol from (H2+CO) - synthesis from (H2+C02) is not important - methanol clehydration (very fast), and the water-gas shift reaction. The inhibiting effect of water has also been taken into account in the synthesis of methanol and the formation of hydrocarbons