Veterinary Services in Disasters

Afetler, insanların yaşamlarını, sağlıklarını ve refahlarını doğrudan etkileyen olaylardır ve aynı zamanda hayvanların da bu olaylardan olumsuz etkilendiği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, afetlerde veteriner hizmetleri hayvanların refahını ve hayatta kalma şanslarını artırmak amacıyla hayvanların acil durumlarda ihtiyaç duydukları tıbbi, beslenme ve barınma hizmetlerinin sağlanmasını amaçlar. Veteriner hizmetleri, afetlerde hayvanların kurtarılması, tedavisi ve bakımı için çok önemlidir. Bu hizmetler, afetlerde hayvanların güvenli bir şekilde tahliye edilmesini, sağlık sorunlarının teşhis ve tedavisini, acil beslenme ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasını ve uygun barınakların sağlanmasını içerir. Veteriner hekimler, afet öncesi hazırlık çalışmalarında, afet sırasında ve sonrasında hayvanların sağlık sorunlarına müdahale etmek için hazırlıklı olmalıdır. Bu nedenle, afet yönetim planlamalarında veteriner hizmetleri de yer almalıdır. Ancak, afetlerde hayvanların korunmasına yönelik kurumların yetersizliği ve hayvanlarla ilgili kurumların afet konusuna yeterince eğilmemesi gibi nedenlerle bu konuda çalışmalar yeterli düzeyde değildir. Bu nedenle, afet yönetim planlamaları yapılırken bütün hayvanların ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurulmalı ve ekonomik yönün yanı sıra insanların sosyal, duygusal ve psikolojik etkileri de ele alınmalıdır. Afetlerde veteriner hizmetleri, evcil hayvanlar, çiftlik hayvanları ve yabani hayvanlar için gereklidir. Afetlerde kaybolan veya yaralanan hayvanlar, veteriner hizmetlerine ihtiyaç duyarlar ve veteriner hekimlerin müdahalesi olmadan hayatta kalamazlar. Afetlerde hayvanların kaybedilmesi hem insanlarda hem de hayvanlarda olumsuz etkilere neden olur. Bu nedenle, veteriner hizmetleri hayvanların refahını korumak ve insanların duygusal ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için gereklidir. Sonuç olarak, afetlerde veteriner hizmetleri hayvanların sağlığını ve refahını korumak için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu hizmetlerin, afet yönetim planlamalarında da yer alması gerekmektedir. Bu sayede, afetlerde hayvanların acil ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması ve hayatta kalma şanslarının artırılması mümkün olacaktır

Antifibrotic Effect of Lactulose on a Methotrexate-Induced Liver Injury Model

The most severe side effect of prolonged MTX treatment is hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of lactulose treatment on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model. Twenty-four male rats were included in the study. Sixteen rats were given a single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX to induce liver injury. Eight rats were given no drugs. 16 MTX-given rats were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 subjects were given lactulose 5 g/kg/day, and group 2 subjects were given saline 1 ml/kg/day for 10 days. The rats were then sacrificed to harvest blood and liver tissue samples in order to determine blood and tissue MDA, serum ALT, plasma TNF-α, TGF-β, and PTX3 levels. Histological specimens were examined via light microscopy. Exposure to MTX caused structural and functional hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by relatively worse histopathological scores and increased biochemical marker levels. Lactulose treatment significantly reduced the liver enzyme ALT, plasma TNF-α, TGF-β, PTX3, and MDA levels and also decreased histological changes in the liver tissue with MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model. We suggest that lactulose has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on an MTX-induced liver injury model. These effects can be due to the impact of intestinal microbiome

Demonstration of the protective effect of ghrelin in the livers of rats with cisplatin toxicity

Despite the various and newly developed chemotherapeutic agents in recent years, cisplatin is still used very frequently as a chemotherapeutic agent, even though cisplatin has toxic effects on many organs. The aim of our study is to show whether ghrelin reduces the liver toxicity of cisplatin in the rat model. Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley albino mature rats were chosen to be utilized in the study. Group 1 rats (n = 7) were taken as the control group, and no medication was given to them. Group 2 rats (n = 7) received 5 mg/kg/day cisplatin and 1 ml/kg/day of 0.9% NaCl, Group 3 rats (n = 7) received 5 mg/kg/day cisplatin and 10 ng/kg/day ghrelin, Group 4 rats (n = 7) received 5 mg/kg/day cisplatin and 20 ng/kg/day ghrelin for 3 days. Glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and liver biopsy results were measured in rats. It was determined that, especially in the high-dose group, the MDA, plasma ALT, and SOD levels increased less in the ghrelin group as compared to the cisplatin group, and the glutathione level decreased slightly with a low dose of ghrelin, while it increased with a higher dose. In histopathological examination, it was determined that the toxic effect of cisplatin on the liver was reduced with a low dose of ghrelin, and its histopathological appearance was similar to normal liver tissue when given a high dose of ghrelin. These findings show that ghrelin, especially in high doses, can be used to reduce the toxic effect of cisplatin

Effects of the prenatal administration of tetanus toxoid on the sociability and explorative behaviors of rat offspring: A preliminary study

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severely disabling psychiatric disease characterized by impairments in communication and social skills. Although efforts have been made to explore the etiology of ASD, its pathophysiology remains unclear. This issue is rendered more challenging by confounding data about the effects of vaccination on disease etiology. In this study, therefore, we investigated the neurodevelopmental effects of maternal tetanus toxoid administration on rat offspring. We hypothesized that the vaccine affects the sociability and preference for social novelty of rat offspring as well as the production of immunological and neurotrophic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-?), neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), neuron growth factor (NGF), and oxytocin. Methods: The study involved 12 female and 4 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (238 ± 10 g), which were assigned to two groups. Group 1 (control group) was given 0.5 ml of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) on the 10th day of pregnancy, whereas Group 2 (experimental group) was administered 0.5 ml of tetanus vaccine (tetanus toxoid, 40 IU). Results: Maternal tetanus toxoid administration exerted beneficial effects on the sociability and explorative behaviors of the rats. The brain tissue levels of TNF-?, NGF, NRG-1, and oxytocin were higher in the experimental group than those among the controls. All these significant differences were found in both the male and female rats. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate the advantages of tetanus toxoid administration in relation to the sociability and explorative behaviors of rat offspring. The results showed that the vaccine also influences NRG-1, neuregulin, and oxytocin production. © 2021 Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved

Targeting of nav1.5 channel in metastatic breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo mice as A novel therapy

Kansere karşı açılan savaşta terapötik amaçla potansiyel gücü ve popülaritesi artan yeni tedavi girişimlerin geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin incelenmesi hem dünya hem de ülkemiz için büyük önem arz etmektedir. İyon kanalları kanser hücresinde proliferasyon, apoptozis, migrasyon, anjiyogenez ve metastaz ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Özellikle Nav1.5 kanalının in vitro yüksek metastatik potansiyel ve in vivo olarak meme kanseri gelişimiyle ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Meme kanseri gelişiminde ve metastatik yolaklar ile ilişkili hücre içi olayları etkilemede Nav1.5 kanalının özellikle neonatal izoformundaki ekspresyon ve aktivite artışının önem taşıdığı belirtilmiştir. Ancak bu konuda kanalın meme kanserine olan etkilerine ilişkin detaylı bir mekanizma ve hücre içi protein değişimlerini değerlendiren ayrıntılı bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Tez çalışmamızda meme kanseri gelişimi ve metastazı üzerinde Nav1.5 kanalının Adult ve Neonatal alt tiplerinin olası rolleri ve etkileri değerlendirildi. Bu amaçla kanala spesifik siRNA ile gen susturma yöntemi kullanıldı. İn vitro deneyler olarak hücre proliferasyonu testi, koloni oluşturma kapasitesi, invazyon ve migrasyon yeteneği ile ilişkili testler, flow sitometri ile apoptoz ve hücre siklusu analizi, kemoterapötik dirençliliğine olan etkiler, tüm bunlar ile ilişkili protein yolakların değerlendirilmesi için Western blot analizi ve kanal tiplerinin mRNA ekspresyonları için Real-Time ve RT-PCR deneyleri gerçekleştirildi. In vivo ksenograft ortotopik meme kanseri modeli ve ksenograft akciğer metastaz modeli gerçekleştirilerek nanolipozomal taşıyıcılar içindeki Nav1.5 siRNA tedavilerinin hem meme kanseri tümör büyümesi hem de metastaz kapasitesi üzerine olan etkileri değerlendirildi. Çalışmamızda MDA-MB-231 hücre hattında MCF7'a göre Adult ve Neonatal Nav1.5 mRNA ekspresyonunun daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu ayrıca bu iki tipe spesifik siRNA'ların kanalı etkin bir şekilde downregüle ettiği PCR ve Western blot yöntemleri ile tespit edildi. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 ve MCF7 meme kanseri hücre hatlarında Spesifik Nav1.5 siRNA tedavilerinin meme kanseri hücrelerinin proliferasyon düzeyleri ve koloni oluşturabilme yeteneklerinde önemli düzeyde azalma gerçekleştirdiği belirlendi. Ancak Nav1.5 siRNA'larının normal meme epiteli hücre hattı MCF10A üzerinde hücre proliferasyonunu azaltıcı ve sitotoksik etkilere sahip olmadıkları tespit edildi. MDA-MB-231 hücre hattında spesifik Nav1.5 siRNA tedavilerinin standart bir kemoterapötik olan paklitaksel ile kombinasyonlarının ilacın etkinliğini artırdığı ve ilaç dirençliliğini azalttığına ilişkin bulgular tespit edildi. Bu sonuçların yanısıra Nav1.5 siRNA'larının metastatik meme kanseri hücre hatları MDA-MB-231 ve MDA-MB-468'de meme kanseri hücrelerinin invazyon, migrasyon ve yara iyileşmesi migrasyonu kapasitelerini önemli ölçüde azalttığı gözlendi. MDA-MB-231 hücre hattında bu siRNA'ların hücrelerde apoptoz düzeylerinde artış şekillendirdiği ve hücre siklusunda G1 arrestine neden olduğu flow sitometri yöntemi ile belirlendi. İn vitro MDA-MB-231 ve MDA-MB-468 hücre hatlarında Nav1.5 siRNA'larının tüm bu etkilerine ilişkin hücre içi mekanizmalarda görev alan proteinlerin ekspresyon düzeylerinde önemli azalmalar gözlendi. In vivo olarak da MDA-MB-231 ve MDA-MB-468 Ksenograft ortotopik meme kanseri modellerinde spesifik Nav1.5 siRNA tedavilerini alan gruplarda tümör büyüklüğünde ve tümör ağırlığında önemli düzeyde azalma görüldü. Bunun yanısıra MDA-MB-231 Ksenograft akciğer metastaz modelinde de aynı tedavi gruplarında akciğerlerdeki tümör metastazı büyüklüğünde ve birim alan başına düşen foton sayısında önemli düzeyde azalma tespit edildi. Tüm bu sonuçlar ile Nav1.5 kanalının meme kanseri metastazında, gelişimi ve progresyonunda önemli bir role sahip olduğu ortaya konuldu. Çalışmamız birçok konuda ortaya koyduğu veriler ile literatürde ilk olması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Böylece kansere karşı savaşta bu yeni tedavi yaklaşımının etkinliğinin ve ayrıntılarının ortaya çıkmasıyla meme kanserinin organizmadaki yayılımını ve iletişimini keserek onu kronik bir hastalık haline dönüştürebilmek, rutin tedavilerin etkinliğini artırabilmek, yapılacak yeni çalışmalar ile meme kanserini tamamen yenebilmek mümkün olabilecektir.Development and examination of the effectiveness of new therapeutic interventions which the potential strength and popularity are growing for therapeutic purposes in the fight against cancer have great importance for both our country and the world. Ion channels are associated with proliferation, apoptosis, migration, angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer cell. It has been found that especially Nav1.5 is associated with high metastatic potential in vitro and the development of breast cancer in vivo. The importance of an increase in Nav1.5 channel especially the neonatal isoform expression and activity for influencing the intracellular events that are associated with breast cancer development and metastatic pathways was mentioned. Nevertheless, there is not a detailed study that evaluates intracellular protein changes and elaborative mechanism about the effects of the channel protein on breast cancer. Possible roles and effects of neonatal and adult subtypes of the Nav1.5 channel on breast cancer development and metastasis were evaluated in our study. In this study, gene silencing method by channel-specific siRNA was used. As in vitro experiments, cell proliferation test, colony formation capacity, tests associated with invasion and migration ability, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, the effects on chemotherapeutic resistance, western blot analysis for the evaluation of protein pathways that are associated with all these effects and Real-Time/RT-PCR experiments for mRNA expression of channel types were performed. Effects of Nav1.5 siRNA treatments in nanolipozomal carriers on both tumor growth and metastasis capacity of breast cancer were evaluated by performing xenograft orthotopic breast cancer model and xenograft lung metastasis model in vivo. In our study, expression of Adult and Neonatal Nav1.5 mRNAs are higher levels in MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to MCF7 and siRNAs that are specific to these two types downregulates the channel effectively were detected by PCR and Western blot methods. Specific Nav1.5 siRNA treatments realize a significant reduction in proliferation levels and colony formation abilities of breast cancer cells in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 ve MCF7 breast cancer cell lines were determined. However Nav1.5 siRNAs have not effects that are reducing cell proliferation and cytotoxic on normal breast epithelium cell line MCF10A were identified. Findings in relation with combinations of specific Nav1.5 siRNA treatments with a standard chemotherapeutic drug Paclitaxel increase the efficacy of the drug and reduce the drug resistance in MDA-MB-231 cell line were found. In addition to these results, it was observed that specific Nav1.5 siRNAs reduce significantly invasion, migration and wound-healing capacities of breast cancer cells in metastatic breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. In MDA-MB-231 cell line, these siRNAs increase the level of apoptosis and cause G1 arrest in cell cycle on cells were determined by flow cytometry method. İn vitro in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines, significant reductions in the level of expression of the proteins that are involved in intracellular mechanisms regarding to all these effects of Nav1.5 siRNAs were observed. As in vivo experiments in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 xenograft orthotopic breast cancer models, significant decrease in tumor size and tumor weight was seen in specific Nav1.5 treatment groups. On the other hand also in MDA-MB-231 xenograft lung metastasis model, significant decrease in size of tumor metastasis and photon counts per area in the lungs was found in same treatment groups. It was revealed with all these results that Nav1.5 channel has an important role in the metastasis, development and progression of breast cancer. Our study is of great importance in terms of being the first in the literature with the data that has revealed on many issues. Thus, with the appearance of effectiveness and details of this new treatment approach in the battle against cancer, it will be possible to transform it into a chronic disease by cutting off propagation and communication of breast cancer in organism, to increase the effectiveness of routine treatments and to completely defeat breast cancer by new studies to be made

Therapeutic effects of vitamin D on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Purpose: To analyze the effect of calcitriol treatment on acute colitis in an experimental rat model. Methods: A total of 24 adult Sprague Dawley albino rats were randomly separated into 3 equal groups: control group (n:8), colitis group (n:8), calcitriol administered group (n:8). A single dose of acetic acid (1 ml of 4% solution) was administered intrarectally to induce colitis. Group 1 was given 1 ml/kg 0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally; rats belonging to Group 2 were administered calcitriol 1 mu g/kg for 5 days. Results: Plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha, Pentraxin 3, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the calcitriol administered colitis group than in the standard colitis group (p<0.01). In the Calcitriol group, there was a significant histological improvement in hyperemia, hemorrhage and necrotic areas in the epithelium compared to the placebo group (p<0.000). Conclusion: The findings suggest that calcitriol may be an agent that could be used in acute colitis treatment

The importance of procalcitonin in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with dyspnea in the emergency department Is procalcitonin gold standart in pneumonia?

Aim: Dyspnea is a common problem in emergency services worldwide. Bacterial pneumonia is a common etiology in patients with acute dyspnea causing mor-bidity and mortality. Early initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy reduces mortality. However, it is difficult to diagnose pneumonia with symptoms similar to acute heart failure and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and without definitive diagnostic testing. For this, it is thought that the use of a biomarker that can diagnose pneumonia at the time of admission to the hospital would be clinically useful. Material and Methods: Patients who came to the emergency department with shortness of breath were analyzed retrospectively. Three hundred patients were examined. Serum procalcitonin values of patients diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography or thorax CT were compared with other patients. Patients discharged from the emergency department or hospitalized were classified as a good clinical outcome group, patients who were intubated, in need of intensive care, or who died were classified as a poor clinical outcome group, and procalcitonin values were compared. The data were evaluated using the SPSS Statistics Standard statistical package program. A p <0.001 value was considered statistically significant. Results: In patients presenting with dyspnea, pneumonia (150), COPD exacerbation (30), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (18), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (27), and acute heart failure (AHF) (76) were diagnosed. The PCT values of the patients diagnosed with pneumonia were significantly higher than the other groups (p <0.001). In terms of white blood cell (WBC) values, there was no significant difference between pneumonia patients and other patients. When the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was examined, it was found to be significantly higher in pneumonia patients (p <0.001). When we examined the progno-sis of pneumonia patients, the PCT values of the patients with a poor prognosis were found to be significantly higher (p <0.001). Discussion: We have seen that PCT has an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of pneumonia in patients admitted to the emergency department with shortness of breath