Policies and laws in the application of renewable energy Indonesia: A reviews

Renewable energy is a global energy system that is very important in nature and humans' harmonious and conducive development. Considerable attention from the government towards renewable energy is due to the increasing energy demand. The impact of the current energy shortage has also resulted in damage to the environment. The current legal framework for accelerating the development of renewable energy has made a considerable contribution but is still not in favor of investors. Thus, the integration of renewable energy into the national energy system is still far from being expected, so the cooperation between the government and industrial development must be further enhanced. The specific aim of this work is to adopt various practices and policies towards the development of renewable energy from several developing countries. A critical review of this work will discuss policies and legislation on renewable energy policies especially under-operation, fragmentation, and obsolescence. Policies in favor of renewable energy developers are also presented in this paper. This paper as a whole investigates various renewable energy development policies from developing countries to be adopted in ensuring the availability of energy security in the future

Nanostarch based nanoencapsulation of Mucuna pruriens extract and its evaluation as anti-parkinsonian drug

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by low dopamine levels in the brain. This study aims to obtain the optimum condition for M. pruriens extract nanoencapsulation in nano starch (NS-MPn) and nanostarch-maltodextrin (NS-MD-MPn), nanocapsules characteristics, and their potential as anti-Parkinsonian drug. The nanoencapsulation process was carried out by ultrasonic method. FTIR, SEM, and TEM carried out the characterization of NS-MPn and NS-MD-MPn nanocapsules. Encapsulation efficiency was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM and TEM characterization NS-MPn and NS-MD-MPn nanocapsules have non-spherical surface morphology, spherical in shape 234.98 and 90.85 nm, respectively. NS-MPn have 21.35% encapsulation efficiency, meanwhile, NS-MD-MPn has 30.02%

The modification of the perforated plate in the fluidized-bed combustor to analyze heat convection rate and temperature

Investigation of combustion temperature through experiments with a wide range of fuels, both solid and liquid, is continuously being conducted by scientists around the world, while the measurement of heat transfer rate can be analyzed when the combustion process occurs. Previous research has generally been conducted using liquefied gas, fossil fuels, and alcohol additives. Specifically, the research in this work investigated the convection heat rate and combustion temperature through the modification of the perforated plate. The experiment was conducted in the fluidized-bed combustor (FBC) fuel chamber using solid waste fuel of oil palm biomass. Measurements were performed at four different points using the HotTemp HT-306 Digital Thermometer. The results of the experiment showed that the convection heat rate in measurement one (M-I) reached 8.258 W/m2 for palm kernel shell (PKS) fuel. Meanwhile, in measurement two (M-II), the convection rate of 7.392 W/m2 was produced by oil palm midrib (OPM) fuel. The highest combustion temperature was recorded with OPM fuel (884°C) at M-I. However, the combustion temperature of the PKS combustion process is higher at 896°C but shows a less good trend than OPM. Overall, the measurement results of the three types of fuel used to modify the perforated plate applied in the FBC fuel chamber are excellent. It can be proven that the fuel is put into the combustion chamber with nothing left

Experimental investigation on noise and vibrations of biodiesel-butanol blends for diesel engine

Diesel engines have extensively used several developing countries to produce electricity. This is done in various sizes, small and medium, which are driven by millions of diesel engine generators. These engines or generators produce vibrations and noisy and pollute the air. Thus, an alternative to diesel is needed for such applications. Turpentine-diesel fuel mixture is one such alternative. However, there have not many efforts made so far to evaluate noise and vibration characteristics. This study is done to try filling the gap and comprehensively investigate the use of Turpentine-diesel mixed fuels. This experiment uses a single-cylinder-4- stroke diesel engine operated at different rpm speeds and engine loads. Detailed measurements are made for engine noise and vibration. This measurement is used to connect the reciprocity of engine noise and vibration. The relationship of chemical parameters and physical properties to the tested fuel explored. The test results using turpentine-diesel fuel show the vibration and noise characteristics better for the upper-middle load. The correlation between noise and vibration characteristics of the test fuel has a strong relationship. This study has provided a detailed phenomenological explanation of the nature of the fuel. Finally, turpentine blends are a viable alternative to diesel fuel, especially in diesel engine

Comparative analysis of HHV and LHV values of biocoke fuel from palm oil mill solid waste

This research aims to investigate and compare the energy value of different biocoke and raw palm oil-biomass. Applying pressure and heating simultaneously during biocoke production is a direct method used in this research. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the water content in each sample tested was below 10%. The water content can be reduced to 5% for all samples except oil palm-midrib. The highest raw biomass heating value was recorded from palm-kernel-shell at 16.83 MJ/kg; the lowest oil palm-midrib was 14.60%. Meanwhile, the highest lower heating value was recorded from biocoke at 19.08 MJ/kg, and the weakest empty-fruit-bunches 17.01 MJ/kg

The business model for access to affordable re on economic, social, and environmental value : A review

Renewable energy has the potential to power the global economy and effective business models will significantly aid this goal, being among the most critical factors in spurring expansion in the energy industry. This paper reviews articles that discuss business models in the renewable energy sector. Long-term economic, social, and ecological stability is concerned. Previous studies have neglected the environmental sustainability of renewable energy business models, focusing on their technical, social, and economic aspects, primarily for energy access. The business models for solar home and pico systems relied heavily on lowering costs through creative payment plans for customers to be commercially viable. The demand for mini-grids requires end users to launch businesses that can leverage electrification initiatives to be commercially via-ble. The success of a mini-grid depends on the average consumption and reve-nue per user. Affordability, unmet energy needs, low electricity demand, lack of financing, unfamiliar business models, and immature markets have imped-ed energy access in Indonesia. Our analysis revealed that future studies in this field must include environmental sustainability to provide a complete picture for decision-makers. Renewable energy needs in Indonesia can be achieved through the sustainability domain, policy makers can consult this evidence set

Comparison of remaining coal-burning ash-based on Cd, Pb, and Hg concentration at different temperatures: a case study in Aceh Province

This study aims to investigate the efficiency level of absorption of heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Hg. Combustion is carried out using coal with the addition of absorbent ratios of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The adsorbent used is natural zeolite which is widely available and inexpensive. This study provides practical implications for the easy and inexpensive removal of heavy metal emissions during combustion. The results show that the maximum efficiency level for Cd metal reached 22.96% which was recorded at a temperature of 600 °C for an adsorbent ratio of 10%. The maximum efficiency level of Pb metal from the experimental results was obtained at a temperature of 600 °C with an adsorbent ratio of 10% to 10.83%. Meanwhile, the efficiency level for Hg metal produced was 0.05% which was recorded at the adsorbent ratio of 10% at 800 °C. The maximum total capacity of Pb metal for each tested combustion temperature was 600 °C 39.85 mg/kg, 700 °C 25.43 mg/kg, and 800 °C 7.21 mg/kg. On the other words, the higher the combustion temperature tested, the lower the absorption efficiency rate obtained

Experimental studies of engine single cylinder run on diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends

Biodiesel and butanol are excellent additive fuels, especially for diesel fuel. Many studies in the literature report that biodiesel-butanol with various ratios is applied to diesel engines. In this experiment, diesel engines operated using biodiesel-butanol blend in low proportions 5-5%, 5-10% 10-5%, 10-10%, 15-5% and 15-10% mixed with pure diesel, and the blend is characterized. This blend of fuels can be represented as B5Bu5, B5Bu10, B10B5, B10Bu10, B15Bu5 and B15B10 with a numeric number in the fuel blends. This fuel blend is used as test fuel which is operated on a single cylinder diesel engine, four steps, direct injection (DI) at a constant speed of 1200 rpm and engine load of 25% and 50%. The combustion characteristics, performance and engine emissions are analyzed and evaluated by comparing each load and the speed of the engine being operated. Furthermore, fuel additives with pure diesel are needed to check emissions from the engine when the engine is run with a blend of diesel-biodiesel-butanol fuel. Among the six fuel blends samples examined in this experiment, better performance was shown in the B5B10 blend and produced fewer emissions. The results of the whole experiment are presented in full in this paper

Engine modelling of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled by diesel-methanol blend

Performance on diesel engines with various combustion chamber sizes and fuel injection require effective handling so that the root combustion process in large diesel engines is timely. This study compares the experimental data with simulation through the single cylinder diesel modelling using GT-Power software. This simulation utilises parameters in diesel engines of 1000 and 2000 rpm speeds with methanol and diesel fuels. This modelling aims to develop a single cylinder diesel engine by measuring all components on the machine. The comparison between the simulation results and experimental data indicate similar collaboration with a difference about 5%–10%. Based on the results, the modelling of developed machine shows that simulation using GT-Power software is able to successfully validate all machine data parameters up to 90%. This simulation result can be expressed accurately similar to the experimental results and can be used as standardization for a single cylinder diesel engine design