Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Türkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei’s gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacaşehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei’s genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Türkiye bean breeding programs

Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Turkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei's gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacasehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei's genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Turkiye bean breeding programs.Peer reviewe

iPBS-Retrotransposon Markers in the Analysis of Genetic Diversity among Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Germplasm from Türkiye

Beans are legumes that play extremely important roles in human nutrition, serving as good sources of protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. In this study, we tried to elucidate the genetic diversity and population structure of 40 Turkish bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) local varieties and 5 commercial cultivars collected from 8 different locations in Erzurum-Ispir by using inter-primary binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers. For molecular characterization, the 26 most polymorphic iPBS primers were used; 52 bands per primer and 1350 bands in total were recorded. The mean polymorphism information content was 0.331. Various diversity indices, such as the mean effective allele number (0.706), mean Shannon’s information index (0.546), and gene diversity (0.361) revealed the presence of sufficient genetic diversity in the germplasm examined. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that 67% of variation in bean germplasm was due to differences within populations. In addition, population structure analysis exposed all local and commercial bean varieties from five sub-populations. Expected heterozygosity values ranged between 0.1567 (the fourth sub-population) and 0.3210 (first sub-population), with an average value of 0.2103. In contrary, population differentiation measurement (Fst) was identified as 0.0062 for the first sub-population, 0.6372 for the fourth subpopulations. This is the first study to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of bean germplasm in Erzurum-Ispir region using the iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. Overall, the current results showed that iPBS markers could be used consistently to elucidate the genetic diversity of local and commercial bean varieties and potentially be included in future studies examining diversity in a larger collection of local and commercial bean varieties from different regions

Determining Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Türkiye Using SSR Markers

Assessment of genetic diversity among different varieties helps to improve desired characteristics of crops, including disease resistance, early maturity, high yield, and resistance to drought. Molecular markers are one of the most effective tools for discovering genetic diversity that can increase reproductive efficiency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which are codominant markers, are preferred for the determination of genetic diversity because they are highly polymorphic, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, and have good genome coverage. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 40 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from the Ispir district located in the Northeast Anatolia region of Türkiye and five commercial varieties using SSR markers. The Twenty-seven SSR markers produced a total of 142 polymorphic bands, ranging from 2 (GATS91 and PVTT001) to 12 (BM153) alleles per marker, with an average number of 5.26 alleles. The gene diversity per marker varied between 0.37 and 0.87 for BM053 and BM153 markers, respectively. When heterozygous individuals are calculated proportional to the population, the heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with an average of 0.30. The expected heterozygosity of the SSR locus ranged from 0.37 (BM053) to 0.88 (BM153), with an average of 0.69. Nei’s gene diversity scored an average of 0.69. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers varied from 0.33 (BM053) to 0.86 (BM153), with an average of 0.63 per locus. The greatest genetic distance (0.83) was between lines 49, 50, 53, and cultivar Karacaşehir-90, while the shortest (0.08) was between lines 6 and 26. In cluster analysis using Nei’s genetic distance, 45 common bean genotypes were divided into three groups and very little relationship was found between the genotypes and the geographical distances. In genetic structure analysis, three subgroups were formed, including local landraces and commercial varieties. The result confirmed that the rich diversity existing in Ispir bean landraces could be used as a genetic resource in designing breeding programs and may also contribute to Türkiye bean breeding programs

Yabani nohut bitkilerinden izole edilen rhizobium suşlarının tuzlu koşullarda nohudun (Cicer arietinum L.) gelişimi ve simbiyotik performansı üzerindeki etkisi

Bu çalışmada, çok yıllık yabani nohut (Cicer anatolicum) bitkilerinden izole edilen Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri suşlarının simbiyotik etkinlikleri tuzlu şartlarda standart bakteri kültürü, azot uygulaması ve aşısız kontrolle kıyaslamalı olarak test edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, yabani nohut bitkilerinden dört suş (DN1, DN7, TN3 ve TN4) elde edilmiştir. Suşlarla aşılanmış nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) tohumları kontrollü bitki büyütme kabininde steril kum içeren saksılara ekilmiş ve farklı tuz seviyelerinde (0, 50 ve 100 mM NaCl) yetiştirilmişlerdir. Kök ve sürgün kuru ağırlığı, kök/sürgün oranı, nodül sayısı ve kuru ağırlığı, bitki klorofil ve azot içeriği, toplam ve fikse edilen azot miktarı tuzluluk seviyesindeki artışa bağlı olarak azalmıştır. Yabani nohut bitkilerinden izole edilen Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri suşları ile yapılan aşılamalar, hem tuzsuz hem de tuzlu şartlarda (50 ve 100 mM NaCl), incelenen bütün parametreleri aşısız kontrole oranla önemli seviyede artırmıştır. Ancak, bakteri suşları tuza tolerans bakımından farklılık göstermişlerdir. Tuzlu şartlarda, özellikle 50 mM NaCl uygulamasında, DN7, TN4 ve standart bakteri kültürü ile aşılanan bitkiler, DN1 ve TN3 ile aşılanan bitkilere nazaran daha yüksek sürgün kuru ağırlığı, nodül kuru ağırlığı, toplam ve fikse edilen azot miktarına sahip olmuşlardır. Bu sonuçlar, özellikle DN7 ve TN4 olmak üzere, yabani nohut bitkilerinden izole edilen Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri suşları ile yapılan aşılamaların nohudun tuzlu şartlardaki gelişim ve dayanıklılığını artırabileceğini göstermiştir.This study was conducted in order to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri strains isolated from perennial wild chickpeas (Cicer anatolicum) in comparison to standard bacterial culture, N application, and uninoculated control under NaCl salinity stress conditions. For this purpose, 4 strains (DN1, DN7, TN3, and TN4) were obtained from wild chickpeas. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds were inoculated with these strains and grown in pots containing sterile sand under different levels of NaCl (0, 50, and 100 mM) in a controlled plant growth cabinet. Dry weights of root and shoot, root-to-shoot ratio (RSR), number and dry weights of nodules, chlorophyll and N content of the plant, and amounts of total and fixed N decreased progressively with increasing salinity levels. In both non-saline and saline (50 and 100 mM NaCl) conditions, inoculations with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri strains isolated from wild chickpeas significantly increased all the above parameters compared with the uninoculated control treatment, equal to or higher than standard culture and N application. However, chickpea rhizobia exhibited diversity in their salt tolerance. The plants inoculated with DN7, TN4, and standard culture produced more shoot mass, nodule dry weight, total N, and fixed N under saline conditions, especially at 50 mM NaCl, than the plants inoculated with DN1 and TN3. These results indicated that the ability of chickpea to grow and survive in saline conditions improved when it was inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri strains isolated from wild chickpeas, especially DN7 and TN4

Effects of rhizobium strains isolated from wild chickpeas on the growth and symbiotic performance of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) under salt stress

WOS: 000282913200001This study was conducted in order to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. ciceri strains isolated from perennial wild chickpeas (Cicer anatolicum) in comparison to standard bacterial culture, N application, and uninoculated control under NaCl salinity stress conditions. For this purpose, 4 strains (DN1, DN7, TN3, and TN4) were obtained from wild chickpeas. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds were inoculated with these strains and grown in pots containing sterile sand under different levels of NaCl (0, 50, and 100 mM) in a controlled plant growth cabinet. Dry weights of root and shoot, root-to-shoot ratio (RSR), number and dry weights of nodules, chlorophyll and N content of the plant, and amounts of total and fixed N decreased progressively with increasing salinity levels. In both non-saline and saline (50 and 100 mM NaCl) conditions, inoculations with Rhizobium leguminosarum by. ciceri strains isolated from wild chickpeas significantly increased all the above parameters compared-with the uninoculated control treatment, equal to or higher than standard culture and N application. However, chickpea rhizobia exhibited diversity in their salt tolerance. The plants inoculated with DN7, TN4, and standard culture produced more shoot mass, nodule dry weight, total N, and fixed N under saline conditions, especially at 50 mM NaCl, than the plants inoculated with DN1 and TN3. These results indicated that the ability of chickpea to grow and survive in saline conditions improved when it was inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum by. ciceri strains isolated from wild chickpeas, especially DN7 and TN4

IDENTIFICATION OF BEAN GENOTYPES FROM TURKEY RESISTANCE TO COMMON BACTERIAL BLIGHT AND HALO BLIGHT DISEASES

WOS: 000328798800012Bean diseases caused by different pathogens reduce important yield and quality of beans in different bean growing regions in both Turkey and the other bean producing countries. In the present study, bacterial pathogens in the species of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Burkholder) Garden et al. and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al. causing economically important disease on bean plants growing in the commercial fields of Erzurum and Erzincan provinces located in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey has been isolated and identified. Totally thirty-six bean genotypes and two commercial cultivars commonly grown in the region have been screened for resistance to these pathogens both in greenhouse and field condition during 2001-2002. Disease severity in the field condition reduced seed quality and quantity of bean. Among the thirty-eight genotypes tested, only 36K was found to be resistant to both of the pathogens

THE SYMBIOTIC PERFORMANCE AND PLANT NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF CERTAIN NATIONALLY REGISTERED CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) CULTIVARS OF TURKEY

An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to test the symbiotic performance and plant nutrient uptake of the twelve nationally registered chickpea cultivars (Cakr', Ik-05', Cantez-87', Hisar', Yaa-05', Azkan', Kusmen-99', Gokce', Damla-89', Diyar-95', Aziziye-94', and zmir-92') in Turkey. Inoculation with Mesorhizobium ciceri increased the average nodule number by 687%, nodule weight by 257%, plant height by 6%, shoot dry weight by 12%, root dry weight by 21%, chlorophyll content by 4.2%, nitogen (N)% by 7.9%, and total N by 22.7%. Averaged across chickpea cultivars, inoculation also significantly increased sulfur (S) by 14.4%, phosphorus (P) by 1.9%, magnesium (Mg) by 13.8%, potassium (K) by 6.2%, calcium (Ca) by 17.4%, copper (Cu) by 4.5%, iron (Fe) by 16.5%, manganese (Mn) by 10.9% and zinc (Zn) uptake by 9.4%. The macro- and micronutrient uptake of cultivars significantly correlated with their nitrogen content and the magnitude of response to inoculation in relation to nodulation, plant growth, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient uptake significantly varied among cultivars. Based on the amount of fixed N and plant nutrient uptake, Azkan', Aziziye-94', Kusmen-99', Diyar-95', and Hisar' were the genotypes with the most positive response to inoculation. Our data showed that nodulation, nitrogen fixation, plant dry matter production, and macro- and micronutrient uptake of the inoculated chickpea can be improved by selecting the best compatible cultivar

Seed Size and Shape Analysis of Registered Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars in Turkey Using Digital Photography

In this study, the size and shape properties of twelve different bean cultivars (eleven varieties and a genotype) were determined using image processing method on digital photography and the cultivars were grouped depending on their properties. The highest mean values of geometric diameter, projected area, length, width and shape factor in the study were determined in the ‘Çayırlı’ genotype. ‘Terzibaba’ cultivar, more spherical shape at width orientation compared to other cultivars, had the lowest value of thickness (4.6 mm) and more circular at the width orientation among the cultivars. The highest mean of thickness (6.0 mm) were measured in ‘Elkoca-05’ and ‘Noyanbey-98’ cultivars. The sphericity mean of ‘Karacaşehir-90’ (70%) was found higher than those of the other cultivars, while the geometric mean diameter, projected area, length and width values had the lowest mean. ’Yunus-90’ and ‘Göynük-98’ cultivars had the lowest sphericity mean values of 58.9% and 58.7%, respectively. According to the results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the most important variables of the first component were mass, geometric mean diameter, surface area, volume, projected area, equivalent diameter, perimeter and length. According to the physical properties of bean cultivars ‘Aras-98’, ‘Elkoca-05’, ‘Göynük-98’, ‘Noyanbey-98’, ‘Yakutiye-98’ and ‘Yunus-90’ were oblongus; ‘Karacaşehir-90’ and ‘Önceler-98’ were ellipticus; ‘Akman-98’, ‘Kantar-05’ and ‘Terzibaba’ were subcompressus and ‘Çayırlı’ genotype was compressus. The size and shape features of the bean cultivars are considerably crucial parameters in terms of designing the seed metering mechanism of seed drills, and transportation, separating and sizing systems. So, the size and shape data of bean cultivars are of mostly importance to engineers, machine manufacturers and machine designers