4-azidotetronic acids: A new class of azido derivatives

4-Azidotetronic derivatives bearing different substituent groups on the carbon atom in position 3 were easily obtained by reaction of the corresponding 4-bromotetronic compounds with sodium azide in methanol at room temperature

Dimerization of 1-benzenesulfonyl-3-cyanomethylindole. Synthesis of indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles

The treatment of 1-benzenesulfonyl-3-cyanomethylindole (1) with LDA, in THF at 0\ub0C, affords 2-(1-benzenesulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acrylonitrile (2) in 79% yield. From 2 , the indolo[2,3-a]carbazole (4) has been obtained in 58% yield

Heavy ion interactions from Coulomb barrier to few GeV/n : Boltzmann master equation theory and FLUKA, code performances

Results which have been recently obtained with the Boltzmann master equation and the FLUKA code in the analysis of heavy ion interactions at relative energies ranging from Coulomb barrier up to a few GeV/n are discussed

The mirage toolbox : An integrated assessment tool for temporary streams

The assessment of the ecological status of water bodies, as requires by the European Water Framework Directive, can raise a number of problems when applied to temporary streams. These problems are because of the particular physical, chemical and biological conditions resulting from the recurrent cessation of flow or even the complete drying of the stream beds. In such non-permanent water bodies, the reference quality standards developed for permanent streams may only be applicable under certain circumstances or may not be applicable at all. Work conducted within the collaborative EU-funded project Mediterranean Intermittent River ManAGEment (MIRAGE) has addressed most of these difficulties and has used diverse approaches to solve them. These approaches have been brought together in the so-called MIRAGE Toolbox. This toolbox consists of a series of methodologies that are designed to be used in a sequential manner to allow the establishment of the ecological and chemical status of temporary streams and to relate these findings to the hydrological status of the streams. The toolbox is intended to serve the following purposes: (i) the determination of the hydrological regime of the stream; (ii) the design of adequate schedules for biological and chemical sampling according to the aquatic state of the stream; (iii) the fulfillment of criteria for designing reference condition stations; (iv) the analysis of hydrological modifications of the stream regime (with the definition of the hydrological status); and (v) the development of new methods to measure the ecological status (including structural and functional methods) and chemical status when the stream's hydrological conditions are far from those in permanent streams.</p

Outcome after first relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - lessons from the United Kingdom R2 trial

A retrospective analysis of children with first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), treated on the UKALL R2 protocol at four different hospitals, between June 1995 and December 2002 was performed. Of the 150 children 139 (93%) achieved a second complete remission. The overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) for the whole group was 56% and 47% respectively. The duration of first complete remission and immunophenotype, but not sites of relapse, were predictive for survival. Using the Berlin–Frankfürt–Münster risk stratification for relapsed ALL, the OS and EFS for standard, intermediate (IR) and high risk (HR) groups were 92% and 92%, 64% and 51%, and 14% and 15%, respectively; P &lt; 0·0001 for both OS and EFS. In the IR group, those with a very early isolated central nervous system relapse also had a significantly worse outcome (P = 0·0001). Given the poor outcome of a second relapse, clear strategies are required to identify those in the IR group who will most benefit from stem cell transplantation (SCT). A higher proportion (16%) of induction failures in the HR group suggest the need for novel agents during this phase of treatment, but SCT was associated with a lower relapse rate and better outcome than those treated with chemotherapy alone