The use of sesame oil in sea bream feeds and its effects on growth and body chemical composition

As fish oil availability declines worldwide and its price rises, there is a growing need to engage in scientific investigations into alternative oil sources for incorporation into fish feeds. This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary sesame oil on the growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional composition of sea bream (*Sparus aurata*). Twenty-five individual fish (initial mean weight: 32.38±0.27 g) were placed in each tank in triplicate. Four experimental fish meal-based (iso-proteic 49% and iso-lipidic 20%) diets were formulated; the control (C) group contains 100% of fish oil (FO) and varying amounts (20, 40, 60%) of sesame oil (SO). During the 75-day experiment, the fish were fed 3 times a day, and the mean ambient temperature and dissolved oxygen values were measured as 22.5±0.5°C and 6.8±0.3 mg/L, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, 20 fish were sampled to determine their nutrient composition and somatic indexes. In the end, 4 fish were collected for the same procedures and 4 for each tank's muscle and liver fatty acid compositions. At the end of the study, the S60 group exhibited the lowest final weight (FW) and feed utilization parameters. On the other hand, there were no statistical differences between FO, SO20, and SO40 in terms of FW. In addition, the SO40 group had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P\<0.05). The whole-body lipid compositions of the groups were different. The highest lipid level was found in SO40 with 15.83±0.36%. Muscle and liver fatty acid composition was significantly affected by the fatty acid profile of experimental feeds. While total ω-6 fatty acids were higher in the SO groups than in group C, total ω-3 fatty acids were higher in the C group compared to the SO groups (P\<0.05). The ω-3/ω-6 ratios in the SO20 and SO40 groups showed similarity, while the highest ratio was observed in the control group (P\<0.05). As a result, according to data obtained from our study, it is predicted that 40% SO could be added to sea bream feed instead of FO in terms of growth performance, feed utilization, and nutritional composition

Determination of growth performance and body chemical composition of gilthead sea bream(sparus aurata) fed with the diet including different levels of artichoke (cynara scolymus) leaf extract in winter conditions.

TEZ9813Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2013.Kaynakça (s. 57-70) var.xi, 71 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışmada, yemlere farklı seviyelerde (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 ve 2 g/kg yem; sırasıyla G1, G2, G3, G4 ve G5) enginar (Cynara scolymus) yaprağı özü (EYÖ) eklenmesinin çipuraların (Sparus aurata), büyüme performansı ve vücut kimyasal kompozisyonlarına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, (ortalama başlangıç ağırlıkları 10.70g olan) herbir tanka (450L) otuz adet çipura yavrusu 3 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde stoklanmış deneme 75 günlük bir peryotta sürdürülmüştür. Deneme süresince ortalama su sıcaklığı, oksijen ve tuzluluk değerleri sırasıyla 13.8±0.5°C, 5.9±1mg/L ve ‰ 39 olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneme sonucunda, G5 grubunda son canlı ağırlık (SCA) 36.29±0.33 g, spesifik büyüme oranı (SBO) 1.48±0.01, yem çevirim oranı (YÇO) 1.31±0.01, ortalama günlük büyüme oranı (OGBO) 3.19±0.04, protein etkinlik oranı (PEO) 0.50±0.01, termal büyüme katsayısı (TBK) 80.24±0.76 ve net protein kullanımı (NPK) 33.91±0.32 olarak diğer gruplara nazaran daha iyi bulunmuştur (P0.05). Sonuç olarak, çipura yavrularının yemlerine 2 g/kg oranında enginar yaprağı özü eklenmesi, kış koşullarında yoğun çipura yavru yetiştiriciliği için önerilmektedir.In this study, the effects of different levels of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg diet; G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 respectively) supplementation on growth performance and body composition of gilthead sea bream fingerlings (Sparus aurata) were inverstigated. For this purpose, thirty gilthead sea bream juveniles (average body weight was 10.70 g) were stocked into each tanks (450 L) as triplicate and experiment lasted for 75 days. Average water temperature, oxygen level and salinity were determined as 13.8±0.50°C, 5.9±1mg/L, 39‰, respectively during the experimental period. At the end of the experiment, final body weight (FBW) 36.29±0.33 g, specific growth ratio (SGR) 1.48±0.01, feed conversion rate (FCR) 1.31±0.01, averace daily growth (ADG) 3.19±0.04, protein efficiency ratio (PER) 0.50±0.01, thermal growth coefficient (TGC) 80.24±0.76, and net protein utilisation (NPU) 33.91±0.32 were found better in G5 than those the other groups (p<0.05). In addition, whole-body protein, dry matter and fat levels were different statistically among groups (p<0.05). Hepato somatic index (HSI) and visceral somatic index (VSI) were not different among groups (p<0.05). As a consequence, the using of 2 g/kg artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract in sea bream juveniles diets could be recommended for intensive sea bream culture in winter conditions.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: SÜF2011YL13

Oksidatif Stres

The reactive oxygen species formed as a result of oxidative reactions bind to cellular structures such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, causing structural damage. Therefore, this oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen derivatives is called oxidative stress. Environmental conditions known to cause oxidative stress in aquatic organisms are generally; temperature, oxygen level, salinity, seasonal rhythm changes, transition metal ions, pesticides and petroleum derivatives. The formation of free radicals in fish starts and increases due to heavy metals, pesticides and environmental pollution. In addition, important sources of oxidative stress encountered in addition to known environmental factors in growing conditions are hunger and disease states. The situation in fisheries caused by the diseases of fish is a source of stress in itself. In this case, the diagnosis and treatment process should be initiated. Fish exposed to hunger conditions; gives many physiological symptoms. Hormonal and enzyme changes are the leading ones. Especially because hunger factor is directly related to energy metabolism, it causes some negative changes in the liver where energy activities are intense. It is important to remember that it is important in feeds used in aquaculture. Not only in fasting conditions, but also in fish fed with poorly adjusted feeds, stress effects are seen. Oxidative stress is usually seen in fish fed with dense fatty feeds due to lipid octidation. In addition, diets prepared differently from the feeding habits of fish can create these negative situations. For example, carnivore nutritional properties of fish containing intense carbohydrate feed, such as use. Along with feeding and disease factors, environmental factors should be considered in aquaculture establishments. The water temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen and the levels of the macro and micro elements should be determined well. Therefore, oxidative stress is one of the most important issues to be considered in aquaculture in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to give detailed information about the effects of oxygen on vital functions in fishes, reactive oxygen species formed as a result of oxidative reactions and especially the most important oxidative stress factors encountered in fish farming

Feed Additive Used in Fish Cultivation

With the increase of the world population, the need for food resources has increased. Fishing has also been associated with a rapid increase in fish consumption, as well as the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential for humans other than high-quality and high-vitamin, mineral and protein structure. It is observed that the quantities obtained from hunting decreased in the researches carried out and the increase in the amount of products grown against this occurred. One of the most important factors in the aquaculture breeding is the feed given to the cultivated species and the content of this feed. Fish meal and fish meal and fish meal are used in a significant amount. The inclusion of these feedstocks in fish feeds increases prices and, as a result, increases the cost of operating costs. Feed additives are added to the rations in order to better utilize the feed and reduce the feed costs in the feeding of the fish beside the feed raw materials. Restricting the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition has led to the preference of organic products for consumers. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, antioxidants, preservatives, emulsifiers, stabilizers and organic acids are some of the alternative feed additives

Sargoz (Diplodus sargus) Jüvenilleri İçin Alternatif Bitkisel Yağ Kaynakları:Büyüme ve Vücut Kimyasal Kompozisyonları Üzerine Etkiler

Bu çalışmada, farklı bitkisel yağ kaynaklarının sargoz (Diplodus sargus) jüvenillerinin büyüme ve vücut kimyasal kompozisyonları üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Balık yağı (BY), soya yağı (SY), kanola yağı (KY) ve fındık yağı (FY) içeren izonitrojenik (%36) ve izolipidik (%16) dört deneysel yem formülize edilmiştir. Otuz adet balığın (başlangıç ortalama ağırlığı 6 gram) üç tekerrürlü grupları her bir deney yemi ile sekiz hafta beslenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, son vücut ağırlığı ve spesifik büyüme oranı gruplar arasında önemli ölçüde farklı bulunmuştur (P<0,05). FY ve KY grupları diğer gruplara kıyasla daha iyi bir büyüme oranına sahip olmuştur. Tüm deney grupları için en iyi yem kullanımı KY grubunda bulunmuştur. KY ve FY grupları en iyi protein ve lipit kullanımına sahip olmuştur. Yağ kaynakları, balık tüm vücut kompozisyonu ve hepato somatik indeks (HSI) üzerine etkili olmuştur. SY ve FY gruplarında tüm vücut lipit içeriği BY grubundan daha yüksek olmuştur. Tüm vücut yağ asit kompozisyonu yemlerin yağ asit kompozisyonunu yansıtmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, SY, KY ve FY'nın balık unu bazlı sargoz yemlerinde büyüme ve yem kullanımı açısından herhangi bir olumsuz etki yaratmadan kullanılabileceğini göstermektedirIn this study, the effects of different vegetable oil sources on growth and body chemical composition of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) juveniles were investigated. Four isonitrogenous (36%) and isolipidic (16%) experimental diets were formulated containing fish oil (FO) soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO) and hazelnut oil (HO). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (initial mean weight 6 gram) for eight weeks. At the end of the study, final body weight and specific growth rate were found significantly different among groups (<0.05). HO and CO groups had better growth rate when compared with other groups. The best feed utilization was found in group CO for all the experimental groups. CO and HO groups had the best protein and lipid utilization. The oil resources had an effect on fish whole body composition and hepato somatic index (HSI) values. Whole body lipid content in SO and HO groups were higher than that of FO group. The whole body fatty acid composition of fish reflected the fatty acid profiles of the feed. The results of this study suggest that SO, CO and HO can be used in fishmeal-based white seabream feed without any adverse effects in terms of growth and feed utilizatio

DETERMINATION OF SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL AND NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE PARAMETERS IN NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) FED WITH SPIRULINA (Spirulina platensis) ADDED DIETS

In this study, growth performance, haematological and non specific immune system parameters of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) fed with diets which contain different levels of (0; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg) spirulina (Spirulina platensis) were investigated. At the end of the feeding experiment (75 days), total erythrocyte (RBC) and leukocyte counts (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte cell types (monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophyl), RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and phagocytic activity of blood taken from fish were determined in a certain period. According to the results, the addition of 5.0 g/kg spirulina in diet highly increased the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes and also the addition of 7.5 g/kg of spirulina in diet increased the amounts of RBC and WBC. Consequently, these two levels of spirulina can be used as a protective agent against diseases by supporting the fish immune system.In this study, growth performance, haematological and non specific immune system parameters of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) fed with diets which contain different levels of (0; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 g/kg) spirulina (Spirulina platensis) were investigated. At the end of the feeding experiment (75 days), total erythrocyte (RBC) and leukocyte counts (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte cell types (monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophyl), RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and phagocytic activity of blood taken from fish were determined in a certain period. According to the results, the addition of 5.0 g/kg spirulina in diet highly increased the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes and also the addition of 7.5 g/kg of spirulina in diet increased the amounts of RBC and WBC. Consequently, these two levels of spirulina can be used as a protective agent against diseases by supporting the fish immune system