Experiences and Perceptions of Mental Health Professionals Considered Effective in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that has been documented in medical and mental health literature for over 100 years (Still, 1902). ADHD is a neurobiological based disorder characterized by three major symptoms identified at clinical levels and validated by diagnostic criteria established for the diagnosis of children before the age of seven (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th edition-Text Revision; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The three diagnostic criteria are inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that have been observed at clinical levels. Because many signs of the disorder were believed to discontinue with maturity, it was originally believed that ADHD did not apply to adults (Nadeau, 1995). Barkley, Murphy, and Fischer (2008) argued that nearly 5% of adults or 11 million adults in the United States have been identified as ADHD adults. Research suggests that ADHD remains hidden in adults and the prevalence of other comorbid conditions further complicates diagnosis and treatment (Wasserstein, 2005). Due to a growing realization that adults can have ADHD, there is a pressing need for diagnosis and psychological treatment. Diagnosis and treatment options for this population are largely under researched. No qualitative studies have been located that have asked mental health professionals who have experience treating adults with ADHD about their practices. This study will explore the experiences and perceptions of mental health professionals who provide diagnosis and treatment to adults with ADHD. The DSM-IV (APA, 2000) was the diagnostic standard used and discussed by research participants during the majority of the study. The DSM-5 (APA, 2013) was introduced in May, 2013; the implications of these diagnostic changes are yet unrealized. It is anticipated the results of this study will contribute to the field to provide information on best practices in treating ADHD adults

Observation of coherent Josephson response in the non-linear ab-plane microwave impedance of YBa2Cu3O6.95YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{6.95} single crystals

We report novel non-linear phenomena in the $ab$-plane microwave impedance of $YBaCu_{2}O_{7-\delta }$ single crystals. The $R_s$ vs. $H_{rf}$ data are well described by the non-linear RSJ model : $\dot{\phi}+\sin \phi =i_{rf}\cos \omega t$. The entire crystal behaves like a single Josephson junction. The extraordinary coherence of the data suggests an intrinsic mechanism.Comment: 2 pages,1 figure, Submitted to Proc. of M^2SHTSC-V (Beijing), also available at http://sagar.physics.neu.edu/preprint

Observation of out-of-phase bilayer plasmons in YBa_2Cu_3O_7-delta

The temperature dependence of the c-axis optical conductivity \sigma(\omega) of optimally and overdoped YBa_2Cu_3O_x (x=6.93 and 7) is reported in the far- (FIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) range. Below T_c we observe a transfer of spectral weight from the FIR not only to the condensate at \omega = 0, but also to a new peak in the MIR. This peak is naturally explained as a transverse out-of-phase bilayer plasmon by a model for \sigma(\omega) which takes the layered crystal structure into account. With decreasing doping the plasmon shifts to lower frequencies and can be identified with the surprising and so far not understood FIR feature reported in underdoped bilayer cuprates.Comment: 7 pages, 3 eps figures, Revtex, epsfi

139^{139}La NMR investigation in underdoped La1.93_{1.93}Sr0.07_{0.07}CuO4_4

We report $^{139}$La and $^{63}$Cu nuclear magnetic and quadrupole resonance (NMR/NQR) studies in an underdoped La$_{1.93}$Sr$_{0.07}$CuO$_4$ single crystal, focusing on the $^{139}$La NMR in the normal state. We demonstrate that the local structural distortions in the low-temperature orthorhombic structure cause the tilting of the direction of the electric field gradient (EFG) at the nuclei from the c axis, resulting in two NMR central transition spectra at both the $^{139}$La and $^{63}$Cu nuclei in an external field. Taking into account the tilt angle of the EFG, the temperature dependence of the $^{139}$La spectra allowed us to determine the $^{139}$La Knight shift and the structural order parameter. The angle and temperature dependence of the $^{139}$La spectrum is in perfect agreement with the macroscopic average structure and proves a displacive transition. The $^{139}$La nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates, $T_1^{-1}$, suggest that La$_{1.93}$Sr$_{0.07}$CuO$_4$ undergoes a gradual change to a temperature-independent paramagnetic regime in the high temperature region. Both the spectra and $T_1^{-1}$ of the $^{139}$La as a function of temperature reveal a sharp anomaly around $T_S=387(1)$ K, implying a first-order-like structural transition, and a dramatic change below ~70 K arising from collective glassy spin freezing.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, published in PR

The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints

Bio-energy, that is, energy produced from organic non-fossil material of biological origin, is promoted as a substitute for non-renewable (e.g., fossil) energy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and dependency on energy imports. At present, global bio-energy use amounts to approximately 50 EJ/yr, about 10% of humanity's primary energy supply. We here review recent literature on the amount of bio-energy that could be supplied globally in 2050, given current expectations on technology, food demand and environmental targets ('technical potential'). Recent studies span a large range of global bio-energy potentials from ≈30 to over 1000 EJ/yr. In our opinion, the high end of the range is implausible because of (1) overestimation of the area available for bio-energy crops due to insufficient consideration of constraints (e.g., area for food, feed or nature conservation) and (2) too high yield expectations resulting from extrapolation of plot-based studies to large, less productive areas. According to this review, the global technical primary bio-energy potential in 2050 is in the range of 160-270 EJ/yr if sustainability criteria are considered. The potential of bio-energy crops is at the lower end of previously published ranges, while residues from food production and forestry could provide significant amounts of energy based on an integrated optimization ('cascade utilization') of biomass flows. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

Signature of Shallow Potentials in Deep Sub-barrier Fusion Reactions

We extend a recent study that explained the steep falloff in the fusion cross section at energies far below the Coulomb barrier for the symmetric dinuclear system 64Ni+64Ni to another symmetric system, 58Ni+58Ni, and the asymmetric system 64Ni+100Mo. In this scheme the very sensitive dependence of the internal part of the nuclear potential on the nuclear equation of state determines a reduction of the classically allowed region for overlapping configurations and consequently a decrease in the fusion cross sections at bombarding energies far below the barrier. Within the coupled-channels method, including couplings to the low-lying 2+ and 3- states in both target and projectile as well as mutual and two-phonon excitations of these states, we calculate and compare with the experimental fusion cross sections, S-factors, and logarithmic derivatives for the above mentioned systems and find good agreement with the data even at the lowest energies. We predict, in particular, a distinct double peaking in the S-factor for the far subbarrier fusion of 58Ni+58Ni which should be tested experimentally.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.