Investigation of the Fire Performance of Polyamide 6-Based Composites with Halogen-free Flame Retardants and Synergistic Materials

In this study, halogen-free flame retardants and metal synergist materials were used to enhance the flammability of PA6. PA6-based composites including various fractions of additives were manufactured using a twin-screw extruder and an injection molding machine. Mechanical, thermal, physical, morphological, and flame retardant properties were investigated with several characterization methods. The study aims to meet R22 requirements based on the EN45545 standard for fire protection of railway vehicles, according to which limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, and conventional index of toxicity (CIT) values under HL3 hazard levels have to be min 32%, max 300, and max 1.5, respectively. 15FR-2MH, 15FR-5MH, 15FR-1MH-1ZB, 15FR-1MH-1BOH, and 15FR-1MH-1SIL composites exhibited both the required smoke density, CIT, and LOI values for R22. It can be said that hybrid synergists provide all requirements according to the R22-EN45545 standard . Instead of using 15FR-2MH, 15FR-1MH-1BOH led to a lower smoke density value for PA6

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH): Synthesis, properties, and applications - A review

The development of biobased and environmental-friendly polymeric materials to replace petroleum-based plastics is one of the main global challenges nowadays. Among biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained increasing attention due to their compostability under environmental conditions. Copolymers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with comonomers belonging to PHA types have been developed to tackle better processability, higher ductility, and better impact properties. These common copolymers could be listed as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH). Compared to PHB and PHBV, PHBH has revealed a wider processing window with better thermal stability and more promising mechanical performance due to its tailorable composition of both highly crystalline (3HB) and elastomeric (3HH) units. The increase in 3HH unit content decreases the crystallinity and the melting temperature, which broadens the processing window with minimized thermal degradation. Therefore, PHBH could be employed in applications where both flexibility and room temperature compostability are required. However, PHBH has received minimal attention due to its low availability in the market, high cost, strict confidentiality of the polymer manufacturers, and continuous evolution in the synthesis stage. This article reviews the achievements in PHBH synthesis and the dependency of PHBH thermal, mechanical, and physical properties on the 3HH content. It also explores PHBH compostability and degradation behavior and the attempts made to develop PHBH based blends and composites. It further discusses the challenges and future perspectives for the usage of PHBH in various industrial applications