12 research outputs found
Fungal lignin peroxidase does not produce the veratryl alcohol cation radical as a diffusible ligninolytic oxidant
11p.-5 fig.-1 tab. + 13 p.- Supporting InformationPeroxidases are considered essential agents of lignin degradation by white-rot basidiomycetes. However, low-molecular-weight oxidants likely have a primary role in lignin breakdown because many of these fungi delignify wood before its porosity has sufficiently increased for enzymes to infiltrate. It has been proposed that lignin peroxidases (LPs, EC 1.11.1.14) fulfill this role by oxidizing the secreted fungal metabolite veratryl alcohol (VA) to its aryl cation radical (VA+ā¢), releasing it to act as a one-electron lignin oxidant within woody plant cell walls. Here, we attached the fluorescent oxidant sensor BODIPY 581/591 throughout beads with a nominal porosity of 6 kDa and assessed whether peroxidase-generated aryl cation radical systems could oxidize the beads. As positive control, we used the 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (TMB) cation radical, generated from TMB by horseradish peroxidase. This control oxidized the beads to depths that increased with the amount of oxidant supplied, ultimately resulting in completely oxidized beads. A reaction-diffusion computer model yielded oxidation profiles that were within the 95% confidence intervals for the data. By contrast, bead oxidation caused by VA and the LPA isozyme of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was confined to a shallow shell of LP-accessible volume at the bead surface, regardless of how much oxidant was supplied. This finding contrasted with the modeling results, which showed that if the LP/VA system were to release VA+ā¢, it would oxidize the bead interiors. We conclude that LPA releases insignificant quantities of VA+ā¢ and that a different mechanism produces small ligninolytic oxidants during white rot.This work was supported by United States Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research Grant DE-SC0006929 (to K. E. H.,C. J. H.,and C. G. H.)Peer reviewe
Initial Report on Molecular and Electronic Structure of Spherical Multiferrocenyl/tin(IV) (Hydr)oxide [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6]X2 Clusters
Two spherical organic-inorganic ferrocene-tin (hydr)oxide clusters of general formula [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6]X2 (Fc = ferrocenyl, X = nitroso-dicyanmethanide, DCO- and benzoylcyanoxime, PCO- anions) were prepared by the direct hydrolysis of Fc2SnCl2 or FcSnCl3 precursors in the presence of light- and thermally stable Ag(DCO) or Ag(PCO) salts. Molecular structures of FcSnCl3Py2 (1), Fc2SnCl2Py2 (2), [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6](DCO)2 (3), and [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6](PCO)2 (4) were investigated by X-ray crystallography. Density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were conducted on FcSnCl3Py2, Fc2SnCl2Py2, and [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6]2+ compounds in order to elaborate electronic structures and assign transitions in UV-vis spectra of these systems. The DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest that the organometallic substituents in the [(FcSn)12O14(OH)6]2+ core are rather isolated from each other
Synthesis, Redox Properties, and Electronic Coupling in the Diferrocene Aza-dipyrromethene and azaBODIPY DonorāAcceptor Dyad with Direct FerroceneāĪ±-Pyrrole Bond
3,3ā²-Diferrocenylazadipyrromethene
(<b>3</b>) and
corresponding difluoroboryl (azaBODIPY) complex (<b>4</b>) were
synthesized in several steps from ferrocenecarbaldehyde, following
the well-explored chalcone-type synthetic approach. The novel diiron
complexes, in which ferrocene groups are directly connected to the
Ī±-pyrrolic positions were characterized by a variety of spectroscopic
techniques, electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and X-ray crystallography,
while their electronic structure, redox properties, and UVāvis
spectra were correlated with the density functional theory (DFT) and
time-dependent DFT calculations
Syntheses and Excitation Transfer Studies of Near-Orthogonal Free-Base PorphyrināRuthenium Phthalocyanine Dyads and Pentad
A new series of molecular dyads and pentad featuring
free-base
porphyrin and ruthenium phthalocyanine have been synthesized and characterized.
The synthetic strategy involved reacting free-base porphyrin functionalized
with one or four entities of phenylimidazole at the meso position
of the porphyrin ring with ruthenium carbonyl phthalocyanine followed
by chromatographic separation and purification of the products. Excitation
transfer in these donorāacceptor polyads (dyad and pentad)
is investigated in nonpolar toluene and polar benzonitrile solvents
using both steady-state and time-resolved emission techniques. Electrochemical
and computational studies suggested that the photoinduced electron
transfer is a thermodynamically unfavorable process in nonpolar media
but may take place in a polar environment. Selective excitation of
the donor, free-base porphyrin entity, resulted in efficient excitation
transfer to the acceptor, ruthenium phthalocyanine, and the position
of imidazole linkage on the free-base porphyrin could be used to tune
the rates of excitation transfer. The singlet excited Ru phthalocyanine
thus formed instantly relaxed to the triplet state via intersystem
crossing prior to returning to the ground state. Kinetics of energy
transfer (<i>k</i><sub>ENT</sub>) was monitored by performing
transient absorption and emission measurements using pumpāprobe
and up-conversion techniques in toluene, respectively, and modeled
using a FoĢrster-type energy transfer mechanism. Such studies
revealed the experimental <i>k</i><sub>ENT</sub> values
on the order of 10<sup>10</sup>ā10<sup>11</sup> s<sup>ā1</sup>, which readily agreed with the theoretically estimated values. Interestingly,
in polar benzonitrile solvent, additional charge transfer interactions
in the case of dyads but not in the case of pentad, presumably due
to the geometry/orientation consideration, were observed
Synthesis and Charge-Transfer Dynamics in a Ferrocene-Containing Organoboryl aza-BODIPY DonorāAcceptor Triad with Boron as the Hub
A <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>ā²-bisĀ(ferroceneacetylene)Āboryl
complex of 3,3ā²-diphenylazadiisoindolylmethene was synthesized
by the reaction of an <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>ā²-difluoroboryl
complex of 3,3ā²-diphenylazadiisoindolylmethene and ferroceneacetylene
magnesium bromide. The novel diiron complex was characterized by a
variety of spectroscopic techniques, electrochemistry, and ultrafast
time-resolved methods. Spectroscopy and redox behavior was correlated
with the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations.
An unexpected degree of coupling between the two Fc ligands was observed.
Despite a lack of conjugation between the donor and acceptor, the
complex undergoes very rapid (Ļ = 1.7 Ā± 0.1 ps) photoinduced
intramolecular charge separation followed by subpicosecond charge
recombination to form a triplet state with a lifetime of 4.8 Ā±
0.1 Ī¼s
Redox and Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Properties in Short Distance Organoboryl Ferrocene-Subphthalocyanine Dyads
Reaction between ferrocene lithium
or ethynylferrocene magnesium bromide and (chloro)Āboronsubphthalocyanine
leads to formation of ferrocene- (<b>2</b>) and ethynylferrocene-
(<b>3</b>) containing subphthalocyanine dyads with a direct
organometallic BāC bond. New donorāacceptor dyads were
characterized using UVāvis and magnetic circular dichroism
(MCD) spectroscopies, NMR method, and X-ray crystallography. Redox
potentials of the rigid donorāacceptor dyads <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> were studied using the cyclic voltammetry (CV)
and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) approaches and compared to
the parent subphthalocyanine <b>1</b> and conformationally flexible
subphthalocyanine ferrocenenylmethoxide (<b>4</b>) and ferrocenyl
carboxylate (<b>5</b>) dyads reported earlier. It was found
that the first oxidation process in dyads <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> is ferrocene-centered, while the first reduction as well
as the second oxidation are centered at the subphthalocyanine ligand.
Density functional theory-polarized continuum model (DFT-PCM) and
time-dependent (TD) DFT-PCM methods were used to probe the electronic
structures and explain the UVāvis and MCD spectra of complexes <b>1</b>ā<b>5</b>. DFT-PCM calculations suggest that
the LUMO, LUMO+1, and HOMO-3 in new dyads <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> are centered at the subphthalocyanine ligand, while the
HOMO to HOMO-2 in both dyads are predominantly ferrocene-centered.
TDDFT-PCM calculations on compounds <b>1</b>ā<b>5</b> are indicative of the Ļ ā Ļ* transitions dominance
in their UVāvis spectra, which is consistent with the experimental
data. The excited state dynamics of the parent subphthalocyanine <b>1</b> and dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>5</b> were investigated
using time-resolved transient spectroscopy. In the dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>5</b>, the initially excited state is rapidly (<2
ps) quenched by electron transfer from the ferrocene ligand. The lifetime
of the charge transfer state demonstrates a systematic dependence
on the structure of the bridge between the subphthalocyanine and ferrocene
Tuning Electronic Structure, Redox, and Photophysical Properties in Asymmetric NIR-Absorbing Organometallic BODIPYs
Stepwise modification
of the methyl groups at the Ī± positions of BODIPY <b>1</b> was used for preparation of a series of mono- (<b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>6</b>) and diferrocene (<b>3</b>) substituted
donorāacceptor dyads in which the organometallic substituents
are fully conjugated with the BODIPY Ļ system. All donorāacceptor
complexes have strong absorption in the NIR region and quenched steady-state
fluorescence, which can be partially restored upon oxidation of organometallic
group(s). X-ray crystallography of complexes <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> confirms the nearly coplanar arrangement
of the ferrocene groups and the BODIPY Ļ system. Redox properties
of the target systems were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and
differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It was found that the first
oxidation process in all dyads is ferrocene centered, while the separation
between the first and the second ferrocene-centered oxidation potentials
in diferrocenyl-containing dyad <b>3</b> is ā¼150 mV.
The density functional theory-polarized continuum model (DFT-PCM)
and time-dependent (TD) DFT-PCM methods were used to investigate the
electronic structure as well as explain the UVāvis and redox
properties of organometallic compounds <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b>. TDDFT calculations allow for assignment
of the charge-transfer and Ļ ā Ļ* transitions in
the target compounds. The excited state dynamics of the parent BODIPY <b>1</b> and dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> were investigated using time-resolved transient spectroscopy.
In all organometallic dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> the initially excited state is rapidly quenched by electron
transfer from the ferrocene ligand. The lifetime of the charge-separated
state was found to be between 136 and 260 ps and demonstrates a systematic
dependence on the electronic structure and geometry of BODIPYs <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b>
Tuning Electronic Structure, Redox, and Photophysical Properties in Asymmetric NIR-Absorbing Organometallic BODIPYs
Stepwise modification
of the methyl groups at the Ī± positions of BODIPY <b>1</b> was used for preparation of a series of mono- (<b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>6</b>) and diferrocene (<b>3</b>) substituted
donorāacceptor dyads in which the organometallic substituents
are fully conjugated with the BODIPY Ļ system. All donorāacceptor
complexes have strong absorption in the NIR region and quenched steady-state
fluorescence, which can be partially restored upon oxidation of organometallic
group(s). X-ray crystallography of complexes <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> confirms the nearly coplanar arrangement
of the ferrocene groups and the BODIPY Ļ system. Redox properties
of the target systems were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and
differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It was found that the first
oxidation process in all dyads is ferrocene centered, while the separation
between the first and the second ferrocene-centered oxidation potentials
in diferrocenyl-containing dyad <b>3</b> is ā¼150 mV.
The density functional theory-polarized continuum model (DFT-PCM)
and time-dependent (TD) DFT-PCM methods were used to investigate the
electronic structure as well as explain the UVāvis and redox
properties of organometallic compounds <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b>. TDDFT calculations allow for assignment
of the charge-transfer and Ļ ā Ļ* transitions in
the target compounds. The excited state dynamics of the parent BODIPY <b>1</b> and dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> were investigated using time-resolved transient spectroscopy.
In all organometallic dyads <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b> the initially excited state is rapidly quenched by electron
transfer from the ferrocene ligand. The lifetime of the charge-separated
state was found to be between 136 and 260 ps and demonstrates a systematic
dependence on the electronic structure and geometry of BODIPYs <b>2</b>ā<b>4</b> and <b>6</b>
Initial Report on Molecular and Electronic Structure of Spherical Multiferrocenyl/tin(IV) (Hydr)oxide [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>]X<sub>2</sub> Clusters
Two spherical organicāinorganic
ferrocene-tin (hydr)Āoxide
clusters of general formula [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Ā(OH)<sub>6</sub>]ĀX<sub>2</sub> (Fc = ferrocenyl, X = nitroso-dicyanmethanide,
DCO<sup>ā</sup> and benzoylcyanoxime, PCO<sup>ā</sup> anions) were prepared by the direct hydrolysis of Fc<sub>2</sub>SnCl<sub>2</sub> or FcSnCl<sub>3</sub> precursors in the presence
of light- and thermally stable AgĀ(DCO) or AgĀ(PCO) salts. Molecular
structures of FcSnCl<sub>3</sub>Py<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>), Fc<sub>2</sub>SnCl<sub>2</sub>Py<sub>2</sub> (<b>2</b>), [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Ā(OH)<sub>6</sub>]Ā(DCO)<sub>2</sub> (<b>3</b>), and [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Ā(OH)<sub>6</sub>]Ā(PCO)<sub>2</sub> (<b>4</b>) were investigated
by X-ray crystallography. Density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent
density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were conducted on FcSnCl<sub>3</sub>Py<sub>2</sub>, Fc<sub>2</sub>SnCl<sub>2</sub>Py<sub>2</sub>, and [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Ā(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> compounds in order to elaborate electronic structures and
assign transitions in UVāvis spectra of these systems. The
DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest that the organometallic substituents
in the [(FcSn)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>14</sub>Ā(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> core are rather isolated from each other