Thermally-driven Neutron Star Glitches

We examine the thermal and dynamical response of a neutron star to a sudden perturbation of the inner crust temperature. During the star's evolution, starquakes and other processes may deposit \gap 10^{42} ergs, causing significant internal heating and increased frictional coupling between the crust and the more rapidly rotating neutron superfluid the star is expected to contain. Through numerical simulation we study the propagation of the thermal wave created by the energy deposition, the induced motion of the interior superfluid, and the resulting spin evolution of the crust. We find that energy depositions of $\sim 10^{40}$ ergs produce gradual spin-ups above the timing noise level, while larger energy depositions produce sudden spin jumps resembling pulsar glitches. For a star with a temperature in the observed range of the Vela pulsar, an energy deposition of $\sim 10^{42}$ ergs produces a large spin-up taking place over minutes, similar to the Vela ``Christmas'' glitch. Comparable energy deposition in a younger and hotter ``Crab-like'' star produces a smaller spin-up taking place over $\sim 1$ day, similar to that seen during the partially time-resolved Crab glitch of 1989.Comment: 21 pages plus 17 figures, uuencode compressed Postscript. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Studies on mouse Moloney virus induced tumours: I. The detection of p30 as a cytotoxic target on murine Moloney leukaemic spleen cells, and on an in vitro Moloney sarcoma line by antibody mediated cytotoxicity.

Antigenic determinants of p30, the most abundant internal virion protein of C type RNA viruses, were detected on the surface of spleen cells from mice bearing Moloney leukaemia and on an in vitro line of Moloney sarcoma, MSC. On both cell types, these determinants on the p30 molecules served as cytotoxic targets in a xenogenic complement dependent antibody mediated 51Cr release assay. Two antisera were used: a rat anti MLV -M induced lymphoma serum, and an antiserum raised in goats to either disrupted FeLV. The cytotoxic target antigens of these antisera were analysed by inhibition of cytotoxicity with viral and cellular proteins

Passive Cooling of a Micromechanical Oscillator with a Resonant Electric Circuit

We cool the fundamental mode of a miniature cantilever by capacitively coupling it to a driven rf resonant circuit. Cooling results from the rf capacitive force, which is phase shifted relative to the cantilever motion. We demonstrate the technique by cooling a 7 kHz cantilever from room temperature to 45 K, obtaining reasonable agreement with a model for the cooling, damping, and frequency shift. Extending the method to higher frequencies in a cryogenic system could enable ground state cooling and may prove simpler than related optical experiments in a low temperature apparatus.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; minor changes to match published versio

Factors Affecting the Corporate Decision-Making Process of Air Transport Manufacturers

Fuel economy is a pivotal question influencing the future sale and utilization of commercial aircraft. The NASA Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Program Office has a program intended to accelerate the readiness of advanced technologies for energy efficient aircraft. Because the decision to develop a new airframe or engine is a major financial hazard for manufacturers, it is important to know what factors influence the decision making process. A method is described for identifying and ranking individuals and organizations involved at each stage of commercial air transport development, and the barriers that must be overcome in adopting new technologies

Late-Time Convection in the Collapse of a 23 Solar Mass Star

The results of a 3-dimensional SNSPH simulation of the core collapse of a 23 solar mass star are presented. This simulation did not launch an explosion until over 600ms after collapse, allowing an ideal opportunity to study the evolution and structure of the convection below the accretion shock to late times. This late-time convection allows us to study several of the recent claims in the literature about the role of convection: is it dominated by an l=1 mode driven by vortical-acoustic (or other) instability, does it produce strong neutron star kicks, and, finally, is it the key to a new explosion mechanism? The convective region buffets the neutron star, imparting a 150-200 km/s kick. Because the l=1 mode does not dominate the convection, the neutron star does not achieve large (>450 km/s) velocities. Finally, the neutron star in this simulation moves, but does not develop strong oscillations, the energy source for a recently proposed supernova engine. We discuss the implications these results have on supernovae, hypernovae (and gamma-ray bursts), and stellar-massed black holes.Comment: 31 pages (including 13 figures), submitted to Ap

Frictional Heating and Neutron Star Thermal Evolution

Differential rotation between the neutron star crust and a more rapidly rotating interior superfluid leads to frictional heating that affects the star's long-term thermal evolution and resulting surface emission. Here we present the results of thermal evolution simulations based on two models of the vortex pinning forces that bracket a range of plausible pinning strengths. We include the effects of superfluidity, magnetic fields, and temperature gradients. As representative standard and accelerated neutrino emission processes taking place in the core, we consider the modified Urca process in normal baryonic matter, and the much faster quark Urca process. Comparison of our results with neutron star surface temperature data, including the recent temperature measurement of the Geminga pulsar, shows that stars with soft equations of state and modest frictional heating are in closest agreement with the data; stars with stronger frictional heating have temperatures inconsistent with the upper limit of PSR 1929+10. Stiffer stars undergoing standard cooling generally have temperatures lying above the Vela detection, a situation worsened by the inclusion of frictional heating. Stars undergoing accelerated cooling without frictional heating have temperatures that fall far below most temperature measurements; the Vela and Geminga detections being the most compelling examples. Only in stiff stars, which have thick crusts, can the inclusion of strong frictional heating raise the temperature at late stages in the evolution to a level consistent with the data. However, such a large amount of heating leads to a temperature at $\sim 1000$ yr in excess of the Crab upper limit. Suppression of accelerated neutrino emission processes, perhaps by superfluid pairing in the core, may yield acceptable cooling models.Comment: AASTeX, 24 pages, 7 figures (Substantial Changes

Frontostriatal Maturation Predicts Cognitive Control Failure to Appetitive Cues in Adolescents

Adolescent risk-taking is a public health issue that increases the odds of poor lifetime outcomes. One factor thought to influence adolescents' propensity for risk-taking is an enhanced sensitivity to appetitive cues, relative to an immature capacity to exert sufficient cognitive control. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing interactions among ventral striatal, dorsal striatal, and prefrontal cortical regions with varying appetitive load using fMRI scanning. Child, teen, and adult participants performed a go/no-go task with appetitive (happy faces) and neutral cues (calm faces). Impulse control to neutral cues showed linear improvement with age, whereas teens showed a nonlinear reduction in impulse control to appetitive cues. This performance decrement in teens was paralleled by enhanced activity in the ventral striatum. Prefrontal cortical recruitment correlated with overall accuracy and showed a linear response with age for no-go versus go trials. Connectivity analyses identified a ventral frontostriatal circuit including the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsal striatum during no-go versus go trials. Examining recruitment developmentally showed that teens had greater between-subject ventral-dorsal striatal coactivation relative to children and adults for happy no-go versus go trials. These findings implicate exaggerated ventral striatal representation of appetitive cues in adolescents relative to an intermediary cognitive control response. Connectivity and coactivity data suggest these systems communicate at the level of the dorsal striatum differentially across development. Biased responding in this system is one possible mechanism underlying heightened risk-taking during adolescence

Socially Optimal Mining Pools

Mining for Bitcoins is a high-risk high-reward activity. Miners, seeking to reduce their variance and earn steadier rewards, collaborate in pooling strategies where they jointly mine for Bitcoins. Whenever some pool participant is successful, the earned rewards are appropriately split among all pool participants. Currently a dozen of different pooling strategies (i.e., methods for distributing the rewards) are in use for Bitcoin mining. We here propose a formal model of utility and social welfare for Bitcoin mining (and analogous mining systems) based on the theory of discounted expected utility, and next study pooling strategies that maximize the social welfare of miners. Our main result shows that one of the pooling strategies actually employed in practice--the so-called geometric pay pool--achieves the optimal steady-state utility for miners when its parameters are set appropriately. Our results apply not only to Bitcoin mining pools, but any other form of pooled mining or crowdsourcing computations where the participants engage in repeated random trials towards a common goal, and where "partial" solutions can be efficiently verified