Leucate et la défense de la côte languedocienne au XVIIIe siècle : approche historique et archéologique

Les compoix de Leucate ne mentionnent pas les amers dans les limites de terres. Lis ne mentionnent pas non plus le chemin longeant la falaise. Cette absence se comprend si on considère que la falaise, comme le littoral, est une zone « frontière » nécessitant la construction de fortifications.Au XVIIIe siècle, la falaise de Leucate se hérisse donc d’une série d’ouvrages due à deux directeurs des fortifications. Les études faites sur ces ouvrages sont rares et se sont limitées à deux d’entre eux : le fort de la Haute-Franqui mentionné en 1710, et le fort des Mattes construit en 1742.Il était donc nécessaire de mener une première étude sur l’ensemble du dispositif côtier, de parler de l’histoire de chaque fortification et d’en faire, dans la mesure du possible, une description et de voir les nombreux aménagements (chemins de desserte, chemin principal...)Els «compoix» de Leucata no mencionen els «amers» dins els límits de terres. No fan menció tampoc del camí que segueix el penya-segat. Aquesta absència es compren si es considera que el penya-segat, com el litoral, és una zona «frontera» que necessita la construcció de fortificacions. Al segle XVIII, el penya-segat de Leucata es dota així doncs d’una sèrie d’obres deguda a dos directors de les fortificacions. Els estudis fits sobre aquestes obres són rars i s’han limitat a dos d’entre ells: el fort de l’Alta-Franqui mencionat en 1710, i el fort de les Mattes construit en 1742.És necessari doncs de dirigir un primer estudi sobre el conjunt del dispositiu costaner, de parlar de la història de cada fortificació, de fer-ne, segons les possibilitats, una descripció i de veure els nombrosos endegaments (camins de servei, camí principal...)The compoix of Leucate do not mention the landmarks in the boarder of the lands. The do not mention eitheer the overland track along the cliff. This omission can be understood when considerns that the cliff, like the coast, is a border zone, requiring the buildng of fortifications.In XVIIIth century, the Leucate cliff is thus armed with a series of construction works due to two Directors of Fortifications. The studies made on these works are seldom and were limited to two of them: the fort of Haute-Franqui, mentioned in 1710, and the fort of Mattes, built in 1742.It was thus necessary to perform a first study on the coastal device as a whole, to discuss about the history of each fortification ant to provide, as much as possible, a description and to see the numerous arrangements (service tracks, main tracks...

The performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry compared to gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and PCBs in food and feed samples

Recently, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) has been added in EuropeanUnion (EU) legislation as an alternative to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in food and feed. In this study the performance of APGC–MS/MS compared to GC–HRMS is investigated and compared with EU legislation. The study includes the legislative parameters, relative intermediate precision standard devia-tion (SRw,rel), trueness, sensitivity, linear range and ion ratio tolerance. In addition, over 200 real samplesof large variety and spanning several orders of magnitude in concentration were analyzed by both techniques and the selectivity was evaluated by comparing chromatograms. The SRw,rel and trueness were evaluated using (in-house) reference samples and fulfill to EU legislation, though the SRw,rel was better with GC–HRMS. The sensitivity was considerably better than of GC–HRMS while the linear range was similar. Ion ratios were mostly within the tolerable range of ±15%. A (temporary unresolved) systematic deviation in ion ratio was observed for several congeners, yet this did not lead to exceeding of the maxi-mum ion ratio limits. The APGC–MS/MS results for the non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs) were negatively biased, particularly for PCB138 and 153 in contaminated samples. The selectivity of APGC–MS/MS was lower for several matrices. Particularly for contaminated samples, interfering peaks were observed in the APGC chromatograms of the native compounds (dioxins) and labeled internal standards (PCBs). These can lead to biased results and ultimately to false positive samples. It was concluded that the determination of dioxins and PCBs using APGC–MS/MS meets the requirements set by the European Commission. However, due to generally better selectivity and SRw,rel, GC–HRMS is the preferred method for monitoring purposes

Probing UDP-galactopyranose mutase binding pocket: A dramatic effect on substitution of the 6-position of UDP-galactofuranose

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