13 research outputs found
From the ECM to the Cytoskeleton and Back: How Integrins Orchestrate T Cell Action
T lymphocytes constitute a highly dynamic tissue type. During the course of their lives, they
travel through a variety of physiological environments and experience a multitude of interactions
with extracellular matrix components and other cells. In order to do this, they must
receive many environmental cues, and translate these signals into the appropriate biological
actions. Particularly dramatic are the cytoskeletal shape changes a T cell must undergo during
the processes of leaving the bloodstream, migrating through tissues, and encountering antigen.
In this review, we highlight the role of integrins in providing a link between the extracellular
environment and cytoskeletal regulation and how these receptors help to orchestrate T
cell migration and antigen recognition
Alcohol-related Discussions during General Medicine Appointments of Male VA Patients Who Screen Positive for At-risk Drinking
OBJECTIVE: This study describes primary care discussions with patients who screened positive for at-risk drinking. In addition, discussions about alcohol use from 2 clinic firms, one with a provider-prompting intervention, are compared. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses of audiotaped appointments collected over 6 months. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Male patients in a VA general medicine clinic were eligible if they screened positive for at-risk drinking and had a general medicine appointment with a consenting provider during the study period. Participating patients (N = 47) and providers (N = 17) were enrolled in 1 of 2 firms in the clinic (Intervention or Control) and were blinded to the study focus. INTERVENTION: Intervention providers received patient-specific results of positive alcohol-screening tests at each visit. MEASURES AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 68 visits taped, 39 (57.4%) included any mention of alcohol. Patient and provider utterances during discussions about alcohol use were coded using Motivational Interviewing Skills Codes. Providers contributed 58% of utterances during alcohol-related discussions with most coded as questions (24%), information giving (23%), or facilitation (34%). Advice, reflective listening, and supportive or affirming statements occurred infrequently (5%, 3%, and 5%, of provider utterances respectively). Providers offered alcohol-related advice during 21% of visits. Sixteen percent of patient utterances reflected “resistance” to change and 12% reflected readiness to change. On average, Intervention providers were more likely to discuss alcohol use than Control providers (82.4% vs 39.6% of visits; P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: During discussions about alcohol, general medicine providers asked questions and offered information, but usually did not give explicit alcohol-related advice. Discussions about alcohol occurred more often when providers were prompted
Ecotourists' perception of ecotourism experience in lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia
This paper presents the empirical findings of an exploratory qualitative study which looks at ecotourists' perceptions of ecotourism experiences in Sabah, Malaysia in order to identify the expressive dimensions that describe the quality of their experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with European ecotourists who stayed at two ecolodges in Sukau. Positive and negative experiences were identified from an analysis of the expressive dimensions of their service experience. The findings show that the ecotourists' experience is multidimensional. Respondents place particular emphasis on the ecotourism activities in which they physically engage at the sites and the natural environment in which they are located; their interaction with the site service staff; socialisation with other ecotourists, and the information acquired during the visit. The six expressive dimensions describing the positive experience are consistent with previous research. The study explores understanding of ecotourists' experience in the ecotourism environment - an under-researched area. The paper points out that the evaluation of quality of experience appears to involve both attributes - functional elements that are provided by the service suppliers and affective/emotional elements that are brought about by the ecotourists themselves
Semester and event-specific motives for alcohol use during Spring Break: Associated protective strategies and negative consequences
Pyrimidoaminotropanes as Potent, Selective, and Efficacious Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)
We
have recently reported a series of tetrahydroquinazoline (THQ)
mTOR inhibitors that produced a clinical candidate <b>1</b> (GDC-0349).
Through insightful design, we hoped to discover and synthesize a new
series of small molecule inhibitors that could attenuate CYP3A4 time-dependent
inhibition commonly observed with the THQ scaffold, maintain or improve
aqueous solubility and oral absorption, reduce free drug clearance,
and selectively increase mTOR potency. Through key in vitro and in
vivo studies, we demonstrate that a pyrimidoaminotropane based core
was able to address each of these goals. This effort culminated in
the discovery of <b>20</b> (GNE-555), a highly potent, selective,
metabolically stable, and efficacious mTOR inhibitor
Discovery and Biological Profiling of Potent and Selective mTOR Inhibitor GDC-0349
Aberrant activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway
has
been observed in human tumors and tumor cell lines, indicating that
these protein kinases may be attractive therapeutic targets for treating
cancer. Optimization of advanced lead <b>1</b> culminated in
the discovery of clinical development candidate <b>8h</b>, GDC-0349,
a potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR. GDC-0349
demonstrates pathway modulation and dose-dependent efficacy in mouse
xenograft cancer models
Chemically Diverse Group I p21-Activated Kinase (PAK) Inhibitors Impart Acute Cardiovascular Toxicity with a Narrow Therapeutic Window
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) has
an important role in transducing
signals in several oncogenic pathways. The concept of inhibiting this
kinase has garnered significant interest over the past decade, particularly
for targeting cancers associated with PAK1 amplification. Animal studies
with the selective group I PAK (pan-PAK1, 2, 3) inhibitor G-5555 from
the pyridoÂ[2,3-<i>d</i>]Âpyrimidin-7-one class uncovered
acute toxicity with a narrow therapeutic window. To attempt mitigating
the toxicity, we introduced significant structural changes, culminating
in the discovery of the potent pyridone side chain analogue G-9791.
Mouse tolerability studies with this compound, other members of this
series, and compounds from two structurally distinct classes revealed
persistent toxicity and a correlation of minimum toxic concentrations
and PAK1/2 mediated cellular potencies. Broad screening of selected
PAK inhibitors revealed PAK1, 2, and 3 as the only overlapping targets.
Our data suggest acute cardiovascular toxicity resulting from the
inhibition of PAK2, which may be enhanced by PAK1 inhibition, and
cautions against continued pursuit of pan-group I PAK inhibitors in
drug discovery
Chemically Diverse Group I p21-Activated Kinase (PAK) Inhibitors Impart Acute Cardiovascular Toxicity with a Narrow Therapeutic Window
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) has
an important role in transducing
signals in several oncogenic pathways. The concept of inhibiting this
kinase has garnered significant interest over the past decade, particularly
for targeting cancers associated with PAK1 amplification. Animal studies
with the selective group I PAK (pan-PAK1, 2, 3) inhibitor G-5555 from
the pyridoÂ[2,3-<i>d</i>]Âpyrimidin-7-one class uncovered
acute toxicity with a narrow therapeutic window. To attempt mitigating
the toxicity, we introduced significant structural changes, culminating
in the discovery of the potent pyridone side chain analogue G-9791.
Mouse tolerability studies with this compound, other members of this
series, and compounds from two structurally distinct classes revealed
persistent toxicity and a correlation of minimum toxic concentrations
and PAK1/2 mediated cellular potencies. Broad screening of selected
PAK inhibitors revealed PAK1, 2, and 3 as the only overlapping targets.
Our data suggest acute cardiovascular toxicity resulting from the
inhibition of PAK2, which may be enhanced by PAK1 inhibition, and
cautions against continued pursuit of pan-group I PAK inhibitors in
drug discovery